Editors: Saul Dubow; Alan Jeeves Double Storey Books Cape Town, 2005 ISBN: 9781770130012 Soft cover, 14x21 cm, 304 pages Most people see the 1940s as a decade that led inexorably towards apartheid, but the coming of Afrikaner nationalism was only one of several competing visions for the future. The decade was in fact marked by a general expectancy that the end of the war would usher in a brave new world. In the end, these hopes for reform were dealt a death blow, only to be resurrected 40 years later with the demise of white supremacy. These worlds of possibilities are explored more fully in this volume by a team of distinguished historians. Saul Dubow is Professor of History at Sussex University and Alan Jeeves is Professor of History at Queen’s University, Ontario. Contributors Preface Introduction: South Africa's 1940s by Saul Dubow Economic Growth and Transformation in the 1940s by Nicoli Nattrass Visions, Hopes and Views about the Future: The Radical Moment of South African Welfare Reform by Jeremy Seekings The Case for a Welfare State: Poverty and the Politics of the Urban African Family in the 1930s and 1940s by Deborah Posel Delivering Primary Care in Impoverished Urban and Rural Communities: The Institute of Family and Community Health in the 1940s by Alan Jeeves The Grassy Park Health Centre: A Peri-Urban Pholela? by Howard Phillips Planning for Leisure in 1940s Natal: Post-War Reconstruction and Parks as 'Public' Amenities by Shirley Brooks Changing the Old Guard: A.P. Mda and the ANC Youth League, 1944-1949 by Robert Edgar Eluding Capture: African Grass-roots Struggles in 1940s Benoni by Philip Banner The Politics of the Past and of Popular Pursuits in the Construction of Everyday Afrikaner Nationalism, 1938-1948 by Albert Grundlingh An Anglo-South African Intellectual, the Second World War, and the Coming of Apartheid: Guy Butler in the 1940s by Jonathan Hyslop Yusuf Dadoo: A Son of South Africa by Parvathi Roman Christian Reconstruction, Secular Politics: Michael Scott and the Campaign for Right and Justice, 1943-1945 by Rob Skinner Afterword: Worlds of Impossibilities? by Shula Marks Index The decade of the 1940s was a turbulent period in the history of South Africa. It opened with parliament's narrow and bitterly contested decision to enter the war; was rocked by political turmoil and the real possibility of Nazi military victory in Europe; experienced a phase of growing optimism and expectancy fuelled by rapid economic expansion and encouraged by the country's notable role in defeating fascism; only to close with a bang, as well as a whimper, as the forces of Malanite nationalism eclipsed Smuts's tired United Party and set about implementing the doctrine of apartheid. Packaging the past into 10-year units may be little more than a historical contrivance, yet people commonly think of decades as meaningful spans of time, whether in their personal lives or as a way of making sense of broader political rhythms. For the historian, thinking in historical decades can open new perspectives. Scrutinising a slice of the past in cross-sectional detail is apt to reveal its complex composition in surprising ways, disclosing homologous elements and patterns in the process. The resonance of such relationships may be amplified all the more clearly by encouraging a group of scholars to address, through structured conversation, a decade from their own specialist viewpoints. This is what we have set out to do in this book. The 1940s are of particular interest in the country's history since they bisect the century in political as well as chronological terms. In so far as they highlight the mismatch between popular expectations and the capacity of the state to deliver on promises, there are inviting comparisons to be made with the present. South Africa's 1940s are well suited to this synchronic approach. Most importantly, perhaps, thinking about these years as a whole helps to counter the pronounced tendency to view the period in teleological terms, namely, as the period 'leading up to apartheid'. As this volume amply demonstrates, the 1940s were not defined by any single over-arching narrative structure. The coming of the Malanites marked the ascendancy of only one of several competing visions of the future, and for many people this outcome was as unexpected as it was unwelcome. In no sense, other than in the minds of its adherents, was the advent of apartheid preordained. Alternative worlds of possibilities were plausibly, if not equally, on offer. One of the main objectives of this book is to identify and examine these competing worlds and to question the teleological assumptions that underlie them. More than anything it was the war that shook up established certainties and lent the 1940s its remarkable sense of fluidity and flux. In every other British dominion, entry into the war was fulsomely sup-ported by the electorate, and domestic politics duly narrowed to focus on the objective of securing military victory.2 In South Africa, by contrast, parliament's narrow decision to support the Allied effort split the government and brought to the surface an explosive cocktail of political poisons. The conjunction of war overseas and political turmoil at home proved a powerful stimulus to new thought. Competing visions of the future were articulated in a politically charged domestic environment and developed in the interstices of a government preoccupied with the war effort. Rapid economic expansion and industrialisation created the social conditions in which radical ideas and plans could germinate and take root, albeit shallowly and temporarily in all too many instances. Deborah Posel is a professor of sociology at the University of the Witwatersrand, and the founding director of the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER). She has published widely on various aspects of South Africa's recent history, including The Making of Apartheid, 1984-1961 (1991 & 1997), Apartheid's Genesis (co-edited with Phil Bonner and Peter Delius, 1994), and Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2002). Philip Bonner is head of the department of history at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and chairs the Wits History Workshop. He has researched and published extensively on the black urban history of the Witwatersrand, and has more recently made contributions to several public history projects. Shirley Brooks is a lecturer in geography at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. A historical geographer by training, she has published on the contemporary politics of conservation and tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. Her doctoral thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario) provides a cultural history of the Zululand game reserves, grounded in the social and political history of Natal and its contested geographies. Saul Dubow is professor of history at Sussex University. He is the author of Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid (1989), Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (1995) and The African National Congress (2000). He is currently completing a study on the 'Commonwealth of Knowledge' in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Africa. Robert Edgar is professor of African Studies at Howard University in Washington, DC. He has published numerous pieces on twentieth-century southern African political and religious movements. Among his works is African Apocalypse: The Story of Nontetha Nkwenkwe, a Twentieth-Century South African Prophet (2000), co-authored with Hilary Sapire. Albert Grundlingh has written widely on Afrikaner social history, South African historiography and the construction of South African heritage. He was professor at the University of South Africa before moving to a similar position at the University of Stellenbosch. Jonathan Hyslop is deputy director of the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He has published widely on 19th- and 20th-century South African history. His latest book is The Notorious Syndicalist -}.T. Bain: A Scottish Rebel in Colonial South Africa (2004). Alan Jeeves is professor of history at the Southern African Research Centre in Kingston, Canada, and a research associate at the University of South Africa. His current research focuses on the history of public health in South Africa. Recent publications include the co-edited Communities at the Margin: Studies in Rural Society and Migration in Southern Africa 1890-1980(2002). Shula Marks is an emeritus professor of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London and distinguished research fellow of the School of Advanced Study in the University of London. A former director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, she is a fellow of the British Academy and holds honorary degrees from the universities of Cape Town and Natal. She has lectured and written widely on South African history. Nicoli Nattrass is a professor in the School of Economics and director of the Centre for Social Science Research at the University of Cape Town. She has published widely on inequality, economic policy, unemployment, welfare and AIDS in South Africa. Howard Phillips is a professor in historical studies at the University of Cape Town. He has been researching, writing and teaching the history of health, disease and medicine in South Africa since the late 1970s. He has recently co-authored The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (2004). Parvathi Raman is a lecturer in social anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Her research interests include the Indian community in South Africa, political and cultural issues in diaspora studies, and African and Asian communities in Britain. Jeremy Seekings is professor of political studies and sociology at the University of Cape Town. He is working on a study of welfare policy in South Africa from the early twentieth century to the present. His previous books include The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa, 1983-1991 and (with Nicoli Nattrass) From Race to Class: The Changing Nature of Inequality in South Africa. Rob Skinner is currently teaching at the University of Sussex. His doctoral thesis examined the role of Christian activists in the development of international anti-apartheid campaigns during the 1950s. His current research focuses upon the relationship between the colonial experience and British social thought, and in particular the influence of Christian missions on 'development' policy. Abercrombie, Patrick, 131-3,141 Africa Bureau, 247, 261 African Claims, 3, 12, 186, 254 African Mine Workers' Union, 10, 182-5 African National Congress, 12, 149, 152,155,158,162-4,167,172,180-2, 186-7,241,254-5,262 Youth League, 3,149-69 African nationalism, see nationalism African Students'Association, 160 Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging, 194 Afrikaner Broederbond, 5, 200, 257-8 Afrikaner nationalism, see nationalism Afrikaner Party, 13 agriculture, prices, 34 Alexandra bus boycott, 256 All-African Convention, 152-3, 156 Andrews, Bill, 270 Anglican Church, 247-53, 262 anti-colonialism, 231 anti-fascism, 232 anti-imperialism, 231 Anti-Pass Action Committee, 183 Anti-Pass Conference, 1946, 182 apartheid, 1-2, 7, 38, 64, 66, 82, 103-4, 119,121,162,240,246,259,261-2 Army Education Service, 8, 268 see South African Army Information Corps Atlantic Charter, 3, 13, 52, 186, 253 Attlee, Clement, 238, 244 Baker, Lewis, 178 Ballenden, Graeme, 73 Ballinger, Margaret, 8, 73, 254, 267, 273, 282 Bantu Nutrition Survey, 89 Bantu World, 159 Barlow, Nancy, 111 Barzilay, A.H., 122 Basner, Hyman, 254 Batson, Edward, 45 Beveridge commission, see Commission on Social Insurance and Allied Services black labour, see labour Black Man's Burden, The, 14 Bokwe, Rosebery, 163 Bopape, David, 183 Bosman, Herman Charles, 220 Brazil, 56-7 Bremer, Karl, 103 Broederbond, see Afrikaner Broederbond Brookes, Edgar, 252, 276-7 Burrows, H., 21,45 Butler, Guy, 13, 212-26 Calata, James, 162, 166 Cape franchise, 150 Cape liberalism, 150-3 Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem, 70 Catholic African Teachers' Union, 157 Catholic African Union, 155 Champion, A.W.G., 163 Charter, A.E., 136 cheap labour system, 68, 248 see labour Christian nationalism, 6 Christianity, 246-66 missions, 4, 5, 71, 246, 249 citizenship, 13, 14, 16-17,49-50, 74, 76, 78,82 civilised labour policy, 230 Clayton, Geoffrey, 8, 247-8, 250-3 colour bar, 28-9, 247 Comintern, 236 Commision on Industrial legislation, 1934,30 Commission on Social Insurance and Allied Services (Beveridge), Britain, 1942,51-2,58 Communist Manifesto, 186 Communist Party of South Africa, 4, 155-7, 172,178,182-3,186-7, 227, 283 230,232-5,237,241-2,269-70,272, 276 Community Oriented Primary Care, 104 Conference on Urban Native Delinquency (1938), 70-80 Congress Alliance, 241 Conradie, J.H., 195 Consumer Price Index, 34 Cornelius, Hester, 270 Cornelius, Johanna, 270 . Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 9,102 Council of Non-European Trade Unions, 32, 255 criminality, 174, 186-8 Dadoo, Mohamed, 230 Dadoo, Yusuf, 13, 227-45, 254, 256 Damane, Arthur, 183 De Ware Republikein, 4 decolonisation, 222-4 Defence League, 232 delinquency, urban African, 70-1 Democrat, The, 8 Depression, 65, 196 Dhlomo, Herbert, 5 disease, see particular diseases Doctors' Pact, 238 dog racing, 200-3 Durban riots (1949), 239 Durban strikes of 1937, 32 Dutch Reformed Church, 200,204 education African, 71-2, 77-9, 250 medical, 92-3,95,99,101-3,118 Eeufees(1938),5 Election of 1943,44,45 Election of 1948, 10, 38, 66, 79, 81, 278 Electricity Supply Commission, 170 employment, 24-5,174,184, 258 see labour environmental planning, 10, 129-48 ethnicity, 186 eugenics, 65 Fagan Commission, see Native Laws Commission family, 64,67, 70, 72, 75, 251 marriage, African, 68, 72, 76, 79, 83,85 farmers, white, 273 fascism, 231,232, 258 see also anti-fascism Fighting Talk, 8 First, Ruth, 155 Fischer, Bram, 270, 276 Fort Hare University College, 154, 160- 1,268 Forum, 7-8 Foucault, Michel, 74-5 Gale, George, 88, 96-103,108-11, 123 Gandhi, Mahatma, 230, 237, 239, 242 Gandhism, 227, 236, 240 Garment Workers' Union, 255 Gear, Harry, 94-6, 102 Ghetto Act, see legislation, Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act Gillett, Margaret, 277 Gluckman Commisson, see National Health Services Commission Gluckman, Henry, 90, 97 gold industry, 20, 24, 273 gold price, 20 Goonam, Kaisaval, 231 Gordon, Max, 268-9 Grassy Park Health Centre, 15, 108-28 Great Britain, Colonial Office, 52 Great Trek Centennial, 192-200 Greyshirts, 5 Guardian, The, 4, 234, 244, 269 Havenga, Klaas, 13 health, 10, 14,87-128 health assistants, 98-9,101, 111, 113, 119-20 Henson, Jacob, lll-l 8,122 Hertzog, J.B.M., 6-7, 11, 151-2 Hill, Octavia, 131 Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), 233 Hoernie, Alfred, 7, 8, 11, 248-9, 253 Hofmeyr, J.H., 8, 12, 16, 20-2, 37- 40, housing, urban African, 78 Huddleston, Trevor, 220 Indian National Congress, 262 Indian South Africans, 229, 236-40 Industrial and Agricultural Requirements (Van Eck) Commission, 9, 22-3, 249 Industrial Development Corporation, 24,170 Industrial Legislation Commission (1934), 27 industrial strikes, 31-2, 182-5 black miners' strike of 1946, 10, 32, 183,276 industrialisation, 2, 11, 24, 97-8, 172, 258-9 influx control, 69, 74, 76, 82 see urbanisation Inkululeko, 4 Institute of Family and Community Health, 100-103, 121 insurance, health, 73, 84 Inter-Departmental (Smit) Committee on the Social and Economic Condition of the Urban Areas, 9,10, 77-8, 249,275-6 International Labour Organisation, 51-2 Iron and Steel Corporation, 170 Jabavu, D.D.T., 152 Jacobson,Dan,219 Joint Council of Europeans and Natives, 71 Jones, J.D. Rheinallt, 255-6 Kahn, Ellison, 37 Kark, Emily, 89 Kark, Sidney, 89, 93-4, 98, 101-3 Kenya,53-4,56,62 Keppel- Jones, Arthur, 10, 274 Keynesianism, 23 Klopper, Henning, 194 Kotane, Moses, 162 Koza,Dan,268,271-2 Krige,Uys,219,224 labour African, 30, 68, 240, 248, 268-72, 276 Indian, 240-1 migrant, 11,172-3,250 skilled, 29-31 white, 30 Labour, Department of, 31 Landau, David, 118 Lansdown Commission see Native Mine Wages Commission Latin America, 267 legislation anti-Indian, 228 Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 230, 236 Children's Act (1937), 70 Colonial Development and Welfare Act (Great Britain), 54 Factories, Machinery, and Building Works Act, 1941, 28 Hertzog bills (1936) 151,153 minimum wage, 31 National Health Act, 96 Native Laws Amendment Act (1945),78 Natives Urban Areas Act (1923), 69, 76 Pensions Laws Amendment Act (1944),47 Urban Areas (Amendment) Act (1937), 171, 184, 185 Wage Act(1925),30 Lembede, Anton, 3, 149,155-6,159-60 Le Riche, W Harding, 95-6 Lesenya, Mr., 187 Lesolang, S.J.;., 157-8 Letlaka, T.T., 160-1 liberal democracy, 6 Liberal Party, 273 liberalism, 7,66,150-3 liberals, white, 5, 213,215, 220-1, 247-8, 252-3,255-8,261,267-8, 273 literary criticism, 217-20, 221-3 literature, Anglo-South African, 222 Local Government Committee, 69 Mabuya, Harry Don, 178-80,185,187 Mahungela, F., 184-5 Makabeni, Gana, 268 Malan, D.R, 6,13, 151, 195, 196, 239-40 Malherbe, E.G., 9,12-13, 22, 102-3, 215 Mandela, Nelson, 3, 149, 160, 163, 166-7 manufacturing, 26, 34, 273 'marabi' music, 4 Ma-Rashea (Russians), 186-7 Marquard,Leo,12-14, 215,268,273-5, 278 Marxism, 221,231 see Communist Party of South Africa Matthews, Joe, 161 Matthews, Z.K., 162-4 May, Mildred, 150 Mbobo,V.V.T.,164,166 Mda,A.R, 3,149-69, 278 Mda,G.C.,150,152 Mhlambi,Mr.,187 migrant labour, see labour Millin, Sarah Gertrude, 273 missions, see Christianity, missions Mitchell, Douglas, 134, 140, 145 Mji, Dilizantaba, 164 Moerane, Manasseh, 159 Mofutsanyana, Edwin, 254 Mokhehle,Ntsu,161,165 Mokoena, Joseph, 166 Molemi, Silas, 166 Molteno, Donald, 254 Moroka, James, 165-7 Motlana, Ntatho, 161 Msibi,Mrs.,187 Msimang, Selby, 162 Mumford, Lewis, 146, 259-60, 265 Naicker,G.M.,231,238 Naicker, Monty, 227 Naidoo, H.A., 233 Namibia, see South West Africa Natal, Post-War Works and Reconstruction Commission, 129, 134-5,137-8, 140-5 National Health Council, 96-7, 100 National Health Services (Gluckman) Commission, 88, 90,93,108-9, 115, 268 national parks, in Britain, 129-33 National Party, 1, 5, 6, 10, 12-13,48, 61, 82,103,151,162,192,200,205,231- 2,239-41,271-2,275 see nationalism, Afrikaner National Supplies Control Board, 33 National Trust (Britain), 131 National Union of South African Students, 154,268 National War Memorial Health Foundation, 97 nationalism, 230, 236, 240, 249 African,2-5,13,149-69,177-8, 213 see also African National Congress Afrikaner, 2, 5, 11, 13,192-208, 213, 234,249,258,262,270 see also National Party Indian South African, 231-3 Native Affairs Commission, 70, 76 Native Affairs, Department of, 31,65, 71,76,171,177,180 Native Economic Commission (1932), 70 Native Laws (Fagan) Commission, 10, 272 Native Mine Wages (Lansdown) Commission (1943), 10, 58 Natives Representative Council, 10, 157,277 native reserves, 58-9 Nazism, 5-7, 257 New Era, The, 6 New Kleinfontein Mine, Benoni, 183-4 New Order, 232 Ngendane, Selby, 163 Ngubane, Jordan, 159 Nicholls, George Heaton, 134, 145 Njongwe, James, 166 Nokwe, Duma, 161 Non-European United Front, 153,155, 232 Non-European Unity Movement, 161-3 non-racialism, 227-8 see also liberalism, liberals, white non-violent resistance, 235-6, 239 Ntlabati, L.K., 166 Ntolokwane, Mrs., 187 nutrition, 105 Nuwe Orde, 5-6 old-age pensions, 47-8, 50, 73, 80 Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 102 Ossewa-Brandwag, 5, 199-200, 214-5, 232 Oxford University, 217-18 Pact government (1924), 230 Palmer, William, 254 Pan-Africanism, 162 Parliament, 1,11,267 pass laws, 69 see influx control, urbanisation passive resistance, see non-violent resistance Paton,Alan,9, 18,58,263 patriarchy, 79,186 Pemba, George, 4 pensions, see old-age pensions Pholela Health Centre, 15, 89-90, 94-5, 98,108-10,113-14,123 Pienaar, AJ., 207 Pirow, Oswald, 5,6,232 Pitje, Godfrey, 160-2 Planje,Ehrhardt,219 police, see South African Police poor white problem, 65 post-war reconstruction, 8-10, 129, 133,135,141,170,246,252,255,257, 259,262,277 see state, planning poverty, 49,55,56,58-61,64,70-3, 115, 195-6, 202, 258 preventive health, 121-2 price controls, 32-3 Producer Price Index, 34 Programme of Action (ANC, 1949), 3 Purified National Party, 151,200 see also National Party Radebe, Gaur, 268 Reconstruction and Development Programme, 1994,49 Reddingsdaadbond, 199, 206 regional planning, 10, 130-3,259-60 religion, see Christianity Rockefeller Foundation, 103,118 Rodseth, Fred, 181 Roman Catholic Church, 155 Roux, Eddie, 11-12 rugby, 203-7 Russians, see Ma-Rashea Ryle, John A., 96-102, 118, 123 Sachs, Solly, 269-71 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 212 satyagraha, 230 Sauer, H., 10 Scott, Michael, 246-66 segregation, 9, 11, 16, 69, 74, 240,250, 253,256-7, 277 Sekoto, Gerard, 4 Seme,Pixley, 152 Senusi,Mrs., 187 Settlers, 1820, 223-4 Sinaba, Shadrack, 185 Sisulu, Walter, 3, 149,160, 163, 167 Slovo, Joe, 242 slums, urban, 173-175, 268 see urbanisation Smit Committee, see Inter- Departmental Committee Smit, Douglas, 65, 77, 80, 157, 249 Smuts government, 16, 36, 108, 129 Smuts, J.C., 9-12,15-6,44,161-2, 238, 267-8 Sobukwe, Robert, 161-2,164 Socenywa, G.B., 162 Social and Economic Planning Council, 9,22-23,37-38,129,170 social democracy, 2 social welfare, 6-7,14, 16-17, 36, 45-47, 49,50,53-57,61,65-7,70-5, 79-81, 112,116,134,179,248,251,253,268 Social Welfare, Department of, 71, 80 socialism, 230,236 Society of Jews and Christians, 247 Solomon, Bertha, 278 Sophiatown, 254 South Africa balance of payments, 20 economic performance during World War II, 20-1 tax levels, 22 South African Army Information Corps, 214-15 see Army Education Service South African identity, white, 213, 220-4 South African Institute of Medical Research, 102 South African Institute of Race Relations, 79, 220, 248, 275 South African Police, 171,183 South African Sugar Association, 136 South African Trades and Labour Council, 269 South West Africa, 238 Southern Rhodesia, 53, 55-6 Soviet Union, 215 Springbok Legion, 257 Springboks (rugby), 205 squatter politics, 179-88 St. John's School, Johannesburg, 214 St. Joseph's orphanage, 254 Stals,A.J.,119 state, 65-66, 81, 108 local,69,71,73,75,135-6,170-91 planning, 9-10,14, 23, 31, 75,129-32 see post-war reconstruction statistics, vital, 90, 112 Stellenbosch University, 203-4, 206 Stoker, H.J., 6 strikes, see industrial strikes Sullivan, Joseph R., 45-6 syphilis, 87, 91 Tabata, I.E., 161 Tambo, Oliver, 3, 160, 162-3,165-7 Ten Shilling Strike, 183 see industrial strikes Thema, R.V. Selope, 163, 181 Thibela,Mrs.,184 Tloome, Dan, 166 town planning, 144 trade unions, 269-70 black, 32, 37, 268-9, 276 Transvaal African Teachers' Association 156-8, Transvaal Garment Workers Union, 270 Transvaal Teachers' Association, 255, 269 Trek, 8 Tsele, Peter, 161 Tsotsi,Wycliffe,161 tuberculosis, 91 Umlindi we Nyanga, 152 United Nations, 237-8, 261, 266, 272 United Party, 1, 5,12, 14, 129, 194-5, 206,231,258,273-4, 275,277-8 University of Cape Town, 117-18, 203, 206 University of Natal, 102-3 University of Pretoria, 206 University of the Witwatersrand, 102, 206,217 urbanisation, 4, 26, 54,64-5, 68-9, 73, 75,78,80-2,170-91,196-7, 272 Van der Bijl,H.J.,170 Van der Byl, Piet, 78, 154, 275-6 Van Eck,J.H.,170 Van Eck Commission, see Industrial and Agricultural Requirements Commission Vandag, 219-20,219 Verwoerd,H.F.,201 Victoria College, 203 Victoria Hospital, 122 Vilakazi, B.W, 150-1 Voortrekker Centennial, 1938, 270 Vrededorp,200, 201 Vusani, M., 161 Wage Board, 28, 30-2 wages,26-8,30-2, 35, 37,73,268 Walker, Ivan, 268 War Measure 9 of 1942, 28, 31 Ward, H.H., 134 Washington, Booker T, 151 Watts, Hilda (Bernstein), 4 Webb, J.B., 254 Weichardt, Louis, 5 welfare, see social welfare West Indies, 60-1 Western Areas removals, 256 When Smuts Goes, 10, 274 white labour, see labour White Paper on Social Security, 1945, women, African, 68-9, 79, 83, 184-8 workers, see labour working class, Afrikaner, 200-3 Xuma, Alfred, 12, 159, 160, 162-3, 165- 6, 238,254,256 Youth League, see African National Congress Zululand, 136-42 |