History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990

History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990. An introduction to the history of the Christian Churches of Namibia since pre-colonial times, up to 1990.
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Title: History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990
Subtitle: An introduction
Authors: Gerhard L. Buys; Shekutaamba Nambala
Publisher: Gamsberg Macmillan
Windhoek, Namibia 2003
ISBN 9991604901 / ISBN 9-99-160490-1
ISBN 9789991604901 / ISBN 978-9-99-160490-1
Softcover, 17 x 24 cm, 449 pages, many b/w photos

About: History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990

Up to this point in time the historiographic data of the Churches, as a whole, were unavailable to the general reader. It confronted the researcher with a scattered mass of facts, dates, names and events, without an analytical and comprehensive framework. This introduction to the history of the church in Namibia, spanning from 1805 to 1990, offers a concise overview of the birth, growth, mature life and witness of the Christian Churches of Namibia since pre-Colonial times, up to the present. The publication of this book, History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990, will be an attempt by Namibians themselves to stimulate a new interest into the field of Church historiography in Namibia. We hope that many students will in due time become committed enthusiasts and critical writers of various aspects of Church history in Namibia. In this way we can serve our goal and theological approach more effective.

Content: History of the church in Namibia, 1805-1990

INTRODUCTION

A. LIST OF MAPS, CHARTS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND APPENDICES

B. ACRONYMS

C. APPROACH
Purpose, motivation, point of departure, objectives, methods, sources, additional research,
ecclesiological critique, mission-church, terminology, authors, resources.

D. THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE
The country, the people, the economy, the religions, political history, peoples of Namibia,
evaluation: ethnic diversity (alphabetical list): Basters of Rehoboth and the "Coloured"
community, the Caprivians, the Damara, the Herero, the Kavango, the Nama, the Ovambo, the
San, the Tswana, White Namibians.

SECTION A
PLANTING OF THE CHURCH IN THE PRE-COLONIAL ERA (1805 -1884)

1. Pre-Christian religious experience of Namibian peoples
• Supreme being - God: Creation and origin of mankind, nature and attributes of God; pres-
ence and acts of God; comparison with Scripture.
• Supreme rule of God and ancestral hierarchy: God's supremacy; ancestors: mediators to
God; need for ancestor worship.
• Morality and behaviour: African view of man; morality and ethics; sin, evil, sickness and
death.
• Ceremony and sacrifice: Effects of Christianisation and secularisation.
• Death and eternal life.

2. Arrival of the Gospel in Namibia - the first efforts of missionary societies
• London Missionary Society: Segmented advance; Warmbad - October 1806; Afrikaner
village at Khouchanas 1815; Bethanien 1814.
• Wesley an Methodist Missionary Society: Bush Fountain 1821; Fish River 1825 with murder
of missionaries: Links, Threlfall, Jager; Nisbett Bath circuit (Warmbad) 1834; Wesleyvale,
Nausanabis (Leonardville) 1842; Concordiaville (Windhoek) 1844.
• Rhenish Missionary Society: Starting point; Rhenish mission to the south; Rhenish mis-
sion to the north - unsuccessful beginnings 1844; second beginning 1854; third beginning
1863; Rhenish mission during ten years of peace.
• Finnish Missionary Society: Open door 1870; first efforts abandoned 1873; difficult mis-
sions in the Ondonga area 1875; spiritual breakthrough and first congregation 1883; first
indigenous workers 1888.

3. The cultural influence of the early pre-colonial missions
• Towards a comprehensive, integral or holistic mission approach: Holistic mission, early
missions and cultural change.
• The influence of individual conversion and education: Evaluation: Mission education,
ethno-centricity and apartheid
• Mission influence in the social sphere; in the economic sphere; in the political sphere

SECTION B:
THE CHURCH UNDER COLONIAL AUTHORITIES (1884 -1915,1915 -1924)

4. Prophetic leaders of the Church (I) - the era of tribal leadership, some important lay preachers
• Early pioneers of the gospel: The story of the Kingdom, prophets of Namibia, children of
the times
• Heinrich Schmelen (1777 - 1848), Jonker Afrikaner (1798 - 1861): childhood, conversion,
first church building in Windhoek, peace followed by conflict and disintegration: Evaluation:
Christian unity, Secular motives for Christian mission, Evaluation: Motives and methods
of Jonker Afrikaner
• Lay preachers and church planters (I): Jan Magerman at Warmbad, LMS (1811-1818);
Jacob Links at Bush Fountain, WMMS (1821- 1825) and Peter Links at Warmbad, WMMS
(1834); Frederick Buys at Warmbad, Kliphoek and Schansvlakte in the Karas Mountains,
WMMS (1842 -1856); Jan Bam at Windhoek, Okahandja, Bethanie, Scheppmansdorf, RMS
(1842 - 1856); Daniel Cloete and Samuel Gertze at Windhoek, Rehoboth, Okahandja, RMS
(1844 - 1864); other lay preachers and catechists.
• The witness and leadership of Christian Women: Wive's of Chiefs.
• Carl Hugo Harm, RMS (1818 - 1895): interruptions of Herero mission; comprehensive
approach at Otjimbingue; Peace treaties of Vollmer, Kronlein and Hahn; Evaluations: Com-
prehensive approach; Hahn s cultural and mission initiatives.

5. The arrival of the colonial era in Namibia (I): Missionary societies and mission churches under German protection and colonisation until World War I
• European intervention: Circumstances preceding European intervention - missionary
appeals, Christian mission and European 'protection'. Evaluation: Missionary appeals for
colonisation
• Consequences of colonialism - Namibian resistance: Land hunger and land reserves, the
Orlam, Herero and Nama resistance wars ( 1893 - 1894, 1904 - 1907), German retaliation.
Evaluation: Herero genocide and suffering
• Position of the Mission Church and the Rhenish missionaries during and after the 1904
resistance wars: Response of indigenous Christian. Evaluation: Participation of Herero
Christians in the 1904 armed resistance, response of German and Afrikaner colonists,
response of the Rhenish Missionary Society and missionaries, restoration work of Rhenish
missions, new patterns of ministry after 1904. Evaluation: Mission and colonialism - the
role of the missionaries under German colonisation

6. The arrival of the colonial era in Namibia (II): New denominations under German colonial rule
• Arrival of Reformed Churches of Afrikaner settlers: DRC (1870, 1875, 1880): Southern
migration, from difficult settlement to good testimony, Thirstland Afrikaner treks
• Arrival of German settlers: Lutherans and Roman Catholics ( 1883): Origins of German Evan-
gelical Church in Namibia (1890, 1896)
• The origins of the Roman Catholic Church in Namibia ( 1896) : Unsuccessful early attempts,
Omaruru mission (1879), transfer of missionary oblates, Catholic Mission orders in Namibia,
renewed mission efforts OSFS, OMI
• Anglican mission in the northern regions: First attempts

7. Patterns of growth of mission churches in the early colonial era (1883 -1920)
• Growth of the Christian Church: - amongst the Nama peoples in the South; - amongst the
Baster community in Rehoboth; - amongst the Herero north of Windhoek; - amongst the
Damara people; in the northern regions (Ovambo), Rhenish Mission, Finnish Mission,
Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches..
• Beginnings and growth of the church in the Kavango region: Seven epic journeys of the
Roman Catholic mission.
• Origins and growth of the Church in the Caprivi region: LMS (1860,1917); PEMS (1885).
Caprivi missions after WW-1
• Growth of the church in other remote areas: Angolan mission of the Reformed Churches,
first missions to the San

8. Prophetic Leaders of the Church (II): During the German colonial era (1883 -1915)
Two pivotal figures of Namibian church history:
• Hendrik Witbooi (1840-1905): Childhood and education; calling of God, nature and authority
of governments, highlights of Witbooi's life
• Heinrich Vedder (1876-1972): Life and work, outline of ministry, research on Namibian
languages, relief work, principal of Augustineum, science, historiography and anthropology,
president of the Rhenish Mission Church

9. Effects of WW-I: South African denominations entered Namibia (1915 -1924)
• WW-I: Effect on existing Namibian missions
• The South African colonial system, military rule during WW -1, original leniency - anti-
German propaganda, introduction of South African labour system
• South African Churches planted after WW-I: Methodist Church (1915), Anglican Church
(1924), arrival of Reformed Churches - from the Cape and from Angola

SECTION C
GROWING SELFHOOD OF THE NAMIBIAN CHURCH (1922 -1957)

10. Phenomenal growth of the older churches after WW-I (1922 -1957)
• Rhenish Mission Church: WW-I, WW-II, three secessions 1923, 1946, 1955, statistical
decline, subsequent growth
• Finnish Mission Church
• German Evangelical Settler Church
• Dutch Reformed Church
• Uniting Reformed Church
• Roman Catholic Church
• Anglican Church
• Methodist Church
• African Methodist Episcopal Church
• Oruuano Church
• Rhenish secessions in Rehoboth

11. New denominations planted in Namibia after WW-I
• Baptist Churches: Sporadic ministry from South Africa 1910-1959, organised ministry 1959-
1967, permanent ministry and church planting 1967-1983, Baptist Association 1983
• Seventh Day Adventists 1922: South African origins, main doctrines, intolerance from
governments and other denominations, missionary methods: medical, educational, printing,
SDA in Southern Africa, from Zimbabwe to Caprivi, mission to Windhoek, spreading
throughout Namibia, ecclesiological development, South African racial separation
• United Congregational Church of Southern Africa 1939: Pioneer missions of LMS, Rev.
Damon visits from Upington 1939, permanent ministry 1966, origin and organisation of the
UCCSA, international Congregation affiliation

12. New denominations planted in Namibia after WW-II: Pentecostal Churches
• Apostolic Faith Mission 1942: American and South African origins of the AFM, Zion City,
ZAC mission to South Africa, turn to Pentecostal theology, AFM and the Zionist Churches
born from the same ZAC root, Influences of the original Pentecostal movement, first AFM
ministries in Namibia, from racial division to a united AFM, other Pentecostal Churches
linked to AFM
• Full Gospel Church of God 1952: Pentecostal mission in Johannesburg, Full Gospel Mission
in Namibia.
• Pentecostal Protestant Church 1966: Secession from AFM, PPC established in Namibia,
racially constituted PPC formations, a united PPC in Namibia
• Smaller Holiness or Pentecostal Churches: Namibian Christian Churches 1966, Assemblies
of God 1979,1986. Evaluation: Pentecostal co-operation and unity. Church of the Nazarene
1973, American origins of holiness movement, South African beginnings 1907, Namibian
history, Church goverment & structure, the region, field and district of Namibia, Gospel
Outreach Centre 1985, Namibia Christian Centre 1987

13. Patterns of growing self-government and self-expression of the churches
• Outline of the period 1922-1957
• Five types of Church formation: Mission Churches, Episcopal Churches, Settler Churches,
Migrant congregations, Secessionist Churches.
• Growing towards independent church-government: Mission Churches: Finnish Mission
Church (ELOK/ELCIN) 1957, Rhenish Mission Church (ELKSWA/ELCRN) 1957, African
Methodist Episcopal Church (AMEC) 1946, Settler Churches: Dutch Reformed Church
(DRCN) 1957, German Evangelical Lutheran Church (GELC) 1960, Methodist Church,
Episcopal/hierarchical Church plantings: Roman Catholic Church (1972), Anglican Church
1978
• Origins of Theological education and leadership development: Homes of missionaries,
Rhenish Mission - Augustineum, Paulinum, Finnish Mission - Oniipa, Elim, Engela,
Anglican Church - Odibo, GELC & DRCN - external training

14. The quest for self-dependency of the Church: Secessions from foreign control
History of African Independent Churches, secessions and schisms

• Independent Churches of tribal chiefs
• Ethiopian movement 1922: Marcus Garvey and the Monrovia movement, Herero secession
1923, border disputes: Manfume, Bondelswarts, Nama secession 1946 and AMEC.
Evaluation: Nama secession, Herero secession 1955 and Oruuano (PUC). Evaluation:
Dualism in the hearts of the Herero
• Typology of AICs in Namibia:
Prophetism: Prophet Mokaleng of Botswana (1949), Prophet Kanambunga of Ekoto (1956),
Prophet Hambuindja of Aminuis (1960)
Ethiopianism, secessions from Oruuano: Church of Africa (1964), Jorujano Church (1968),
Evangelical Religious Protestant Unity Church (1972), reorganising of the Oruuana Church
(1978)
Zionism, African Pentecostalism: St Philip's Faith Healing Church (1957), St John's Apos-
tolic Faith Mission (1960), Spiritual Healing Church (1966), St Stephan's Apostolic Mission
(1972), St Jacob's Apostolic Church (1977), Salt prophets (flowchart of AICs in Namibia)

15. Prophetic leaders of the Church (III): During the South African colonial era
• Lay preachers and church planters (II): Indigenous elders and evangelists replacement for
missionaries: Simson Shituua, Wilhelm Kafita of Omafo (1916-1920). Elders of Migrating
settler churches: Elder Smeer of the DRC (1970-1910), Van der Merwes from Angola Reformed
Churches (1928), Congregational community from Upington (1937-1966). Contract workers
from the South: Lutheran witnesses of Nkurenkuru (1922-1929), Pentecostal Churches (1957-
1966), Baptist civil servants seconded to Namibia (1959-1967)
• Important church planters of the era: Dominee Leonard DRCN (1910), Archbishop Gotthardt
Kavango and Ovambo missions RCC (1910,1913,1923), Bishop Tobias AC (1928), Father
Theophilus Hamutumbangela AC (1946), Pastor van der Walt, planter of three Pentecostal
denominations (1943, 1952, 1966), Landespropst Ebers and Hoeflich of the GELC (1926,
1939), Pastors Zachaus Thomas, Petrus Jod and Marcus Witbooi AMEC (1946)

16. Independence for the Churches (1952-1957). Years of renewal and formation of independent synods
• Leadership development
• Revival in the Finnish Mission Church, (ELCIN) in the north (1952): Scriptural basis and
history of revivalism: Europe, America, Africa and other third world countries, Namibian
revival: Sources, crusades, temperance movement and evangelism. Evaluation: Need for
self critique
• Year of the Churches 1957: First independent synods: ELCIN (1957), ELCRN (1957), DRCN
(1957), GELC (1960), DRCN (1962), Methodist Church (1983). Independent in Episcopal
churches: Anglican Church 1978
• Church Tree of Namibia by 1957: Final mosaic of Namibian Denominations, imagery: roots,
stem, branches and fruit, selection of periods {Chart of Church Tree): Roots Missionary
Societies and Mission Churches, Settler Churches, Episcopal Churches, Post WW1
Churches. Branches: Secessions and independence movement, Pentecostal and Baptist
Churches. Fruit

SECTION D
INDEPENDENT MINISTRIES OF THE NAMIBIAN CHURCH (1957 -1978)

17. Leadership development: Struggle for good seminaries, pastoral institutes and colleges
• Theological Institutes within Namibia: Paulinum: United Lutheran Seminary at Otjimbingwe
(ELCIN, ELCRN), Engela Pastoral Institute (ELCIN), St Joseph's Theological Seminary at
Odibo, Anglican Church (CPS A). Dobra Institute of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC);
The Orumana Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church (Kaokoland).
• External Theological Institutes: GELC - Pietermaritzburg (South Africa) and Germany; DRCN
- Stellenbosch, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Western Cpe, RCC - Roma University (Lesotho),
Methodist Church - South African colleges
• Honorary Doctorates
• Post graduate and specialised education
• Development of Indigenous leadership: Table: Timeline of Development of Indigenous
Spiritual Leadership - A summary of events throughout Namibian history

18. Prophetic leaders of the Church (IV): Indigenous leadership after 1957
• Bishops, Moderators and Presidents (Praesesses): Dr Leonard Auala (ELCIN), Dr Lukas de
Vries (ELCRN), Bishop James Kauluma (CPSA), Bishop Bonnie Hausiku (RCC)
• Other pioneer leaders of Namibian Churches: Rev. KW le Roux, JT Potgieter, JH Steenkamp,
SH vd Spuy (DRCN), DJ Joubert, evangelist Andries (URC), F Ponnighaus, HK Diehl,
Bishop R Koppmann (RCC)

19. Independent Christian ministries in Namibia (I): Worship, Diaconia and Mission
• Ministry of worship: Liturgical traditions, Namibianization of worship, What is Christian
worship and liturgy?, origins and history of different forms of Chrstian liturgy, worship and
mission, human nature prayer and worship. Namibian forms of Christian worship: Original
dependency on Western cultures, need for indigenous worship, liturgical renewal AFALMA,
worship in unity, confessional contributions, ministries in song, music and dance: choirs,
singing, rhythm, instruments, dance, Pentecostal genre
• Ministry of diaconal, medical and relief service: Comprehensive approach, medical ministries,
first hospitals, doctors, nurses, Catholic nurses and hospitals, Onandjokwe hospital, Odibo
hospital, RCC hospitals and health care, Orumana hospital and Mashari Clinic for Leprosy
and Tuberculosis (DRCN)
• Diaconal centres: Onandjokwe Training Institute for Nurses (ELCIN), Koichas Seminary
for Community Sisters, homes for the aged (DRCN, GELC)
• Ministry of Mission and Evangelism: Mission work in the northern belt ELCIN, Kaokoland
mission and later extensions DRCN, Botswana mission of ELCRN, mission farms of the
Roman Catholic Church

20. Independent Christian ministries in Namibia (II): Youth ministry, Christian education and women ministry
• Youth ministries of the Churches: Religious education, Sunday schools and catechism,
Youth centres and institutes: Ojtimbingwe Bible School (ELCRN), Engela Pastoral Institute
(ELCIN), Georg Kronlein Centre Berseba (ELCRN), Heinz Stover Seminary Karibib (ELCRN),
Febe Seminary, Otjimbingwe (ELCRN), Windhoek Children's Home (DRCN)
• Youth programs of the Churches: Youth circles and brass bands (ELCRN), Youth Brigade,
Blue circle and Chiro Movement (RCC): Richard Allen Youth Council, Boy and Girl Scouts
(AMEC), Youth Societies of the DRC and URC, Youth ministry of GELC, ELCIN, AC and
other youth programs
• Secular education by the Churches: Traditional forms of education, educational institutes
founded by Christian Missions: First schools (1806-1870), Bush School movemet of the
Finnish Mission (1876), foundations of leadership training: advanced or higher education,
Martin Luther High School (MLHS) at Okombahe (ELCRN), education and ideology: mission
schools as non-aligned alternative (1922-1953), control of education by the apartheid system
(1955-19-82), Evaluation: Ideological nature of education
• Ministry by and to women: Women Circles of ELCRN, Women Missions League, Women
Society (DRCN), Women work of ELCIN, AC and other denominations. Year of the woman,
women leadership and ordination, ordination of women in the Lutheran Churches, -the
Anglican Church, - the Reformed Church of Africa, women and liberation

21. Independent Christian ministries in Namibia (III): The ministry of church information and the ministry of Christian art
• Communication services : Media - radio, television, Church periodicals - Omukwetu (ELCIN),
die Kerkbode (DRCN), Heimat and Afrikanischer Heimatkalender (GELC), Immanuel and
EID (ELCRN), Angelus (RCC), Christian Recorder (AMEC), Seek mid Anglican Information
(CPSA)
• Language medium of church periodicals
• Printing presses of the churches: Oniipa Printing, Karibib Printing, Angelus Printing (Dôbra)
• Journalists and editors, contents of church periodicals, politicizing of periodicals
• Ministry of Christian art in and by the Church: Poetry, creative Christian writing and drama,
novels - Diescho, Christian fine art, painting, sculpture, carving, arts and drama festival,
performing arts education, wood carvings and linocuts, John Muafangejo Arts Centre

SECTION E
GROWTH OF UNITED PROPHETIC VOICE: THE NAMIBIAN CHURCHES AND THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE (1963-1990)

22. Apartheid Theology (I): Its origins and history
• Introductory survey: Colonial history, church segregation and Apartheid Theology,
historical roots of Apartheid Theology: South African origins, first spiritual revivals and
local missions (18th century), development of racial prejudice and segregation in DRC
congregations (19th century)
• Mission policy of 1857 DRC Cape synod, Afrikaner migrations, DRC dispersion and
fragmentation; 19th century spiritual revival and mission fervour, founding of eleven DRC
Mission Churches before 1935; DRC foreign missions.
• Introduction of formal apartheid: Native legislation, DRC policies and conferences on race
relations: 1921, 1923, 1926, a new mission policy 1935, Apartheid Theology introduced
1947, main theses of Apartheid Theology

23. Apartheid Theology (II): The history of internal and international critique and dissent and its final demise
• Destructive results of Apartheid Theology.
• Early critique against segregation practices within the DRC, internal DRC opposition against
Apartheid Theology: Prof Ben Marais, Prof Bennie Keet, Dr Beyers Naude, Dr Ben
Engelbrecht
• Ecumenical critique within South Africa: Cottesloe consultation of the WCC 1960, Pro
Veritate and the Christian Institute (Confessing Church movement) 1962-1963, Church &
society consultation and 'Message to the People', the prophetic voices from the DRC
family: Critical research, Black Consciousness and Black Theology
• International critique: Ecumenical statements on 'Status Confessionis', critique from Reformed confessional families, WARC, Belhar Confession
• Confession of guilt and South African Statements on' Status Confessionis': Kairos document
(1985), Evangelical Witness (1986), Relevant Pentecostal Witness (1988), Road to Damascus (1989)
• Confessing guilt and demise of Apartheid Theology: DRC 'Church and Society' statement
(1986), DRC public confession of guilt at the Rustenburg National Christian Consultation
(1990), confessions of other denominations, terminating apartheid in Namibia (DRCN synod
1991)

24. Birth and development of Namibian Contextual Theology
• The prophetic task of the Church: The early church, the Protestant Reformation, Barmen declaration in Germany, the Namibian prophetic voice
• A rediscovery of the unity of the Church: Unsuccessful attempt to introduce regional
church structures, the problems of unity, Rhenish Church secessions, opposition to the
Odendaal Plan (Bantustan policies)
• Political parties: a new type of representation, traditional authorities to political parties
• Reinterpretation of the Lutheran Two Kingdoms doctrine: New generation of German mis-
sionaries, Lutheran declaration on race relations (1963), study committees of the AALC
(1965), Florin's survey on Lutheranism in South Africa (1965), Umpumulo Memorandum
(1967), doctoral thesis on Mission and Colonialism (1971)
• Open Letter: Prophetic voice of the churches (1971), two catalysts for Namibian Contextual Theology: Luthern World Federation, Black Consciousness movement
• Themes of a Namibian Liberation Theology: Sentry office of the church, wall of partition
broken down, incarnation of Christ, Cosmology, Kingdom of God, salvation, liberation and
sin, Black Theology vs. 'Western Theology'

25. Liberation War and the Church: Reaction to the Open Letter and Church partition
• Open letter revealed Church Partition: Liberation Churches, Status Quo Churches, subsequent development of church partition
• Political involvement of Liberation Churches: fruits of Contextual Theology (List of consultations, declarations, statements), deportation of activist clerics)
• Political involvement of Apartheid Churches: fruits of 'Apartheid Theology', Chaplain
services of SA armed forces, religious campaigns of the Chaplain services, language work
and ministry, church plantings, San missions linked to DRC synod, Evaluation: San missions
of the SADF, Bible distribution

26. Chaplain ministries of the Namibian Churches (1890-1990)
• Early chaplain ministries in Namibia: The Church at Commando, earlier examples of the "church
in the war zone", chief Hendrik Witbooi's Commando Church, German chaplaincy for the
Schutztruppe the church amongst Herero refugees in Botswana, final attempt by chief Hendrik
Witbooi, South African chaplain services of the SADF during two world wars
• Chaplain service during the liberation struggle: God and national independence, theological basis for a National Chaplain Service, the need for chaplain services to Namibian refugees
• Ecumenical chaplain service of SWAPO: First two chaplains, Ailonga, Haikali, the mission
of the SWAPO chaplaincy, the ministries of the chaplaincy; the 1981 report, the 1987 report,
difficulties, challenges and threats
• International cooperation with the SWAPO chaplaincy, ecumenical cooperation within the SWAPO chaplaincy

SECTION F
COOPERATION, ECUMENISM AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WITNESS OF
THE CHURCH IN NAMIBIA

27. Early examples of ecumenical cooperation between denominations in Namibia
• Ecumenical cooperation amongst missionary societies: LMS cooperation with Wesley an
and Rhenish Missions, lack of unity and cooperation: Wesleyan and Rhenish missionaries,
principle of 'comity', early cooperation between DRC, Rhenish and Finnish Missions
• Triangular Agreement
• First attempts at Bible translation: Nama Bible, Herero Bible, Ndonga Bible, Kwangali New Testament, Lozi Bible
• Bible Society of Namibia: British and Foreign Bible Society - S A Assistance Society 1820,
independent branch in Cape Town 1950, South African Bible Society 1965, independent
Regional Council for Namibia 1974, Bible Society of Namibia 1986

28. Ecumenical relationships: Local, regional and global ecumenical organisations
• Christian Centre and Council of Churches in Namibia: Pastoral Fraternals and local Fellowships, Christian Centre of Namibia, Council of Churches in Namibia
• International Ecumenical Relations: World Council of Churches, Regional Councils of Churches, All Africa Conference of Churches
• World Confessional Families and their regional forums: Anglican Communion, Baptist World
Alliance and SAABC, Lutheran Word Federation with the AALC and CIBL, Roman Catholic
Bishops Conferences (Southern Africa), World Alliance of Reformed Churches (Presbyterian
and Congregational) with the SAARC, Congregational 'Council for World Mission' (LMS/
UCCSA), Reformed Ecumenical Council with regional consultations, International Federation
of Christian Churches (Pentecostal), Methodist World Council
• Internationally constituted denominations

29. Support of the International community and the Universal Christian Church for Liberation
• Namibian theology on land and state
• Involvement of international political and Christian organisations: Origins of support,
assistance by the UN and its development agencies, support from the World Council of
Churches, Program to Combat Racism, support from the Lutheran World Federation, World
Service: Community Development Service (Projects: appendix 2.3)
• Support from regional Councils of Churches: The All Africa Council of Churches, National Christian Councils or Councils of Churches, neighbouring countries: Tanzania, Zambia, Angola
• Global support

30. Evangelistic para-church ministries and the development of a charismatic movement
• Para-church organisations: Christian unity or enigma for the church?
• Introduction to some of the para-church organisations: Dorothea Mission, Africa
Evangelistic Band: Christian Mobile Literature, Africa Evangelical Fellowship and Africa
Inland Mission, Media for Christ and Channel 7, Youth with a mission, Scripture Union,
Youth for Christ, Namibia Evangelical Fellowship, Prison Fellowship
• Development of a charismatic movement in Namibia?
• Development of inter-denominational public events: Women's World Day of Prayer, 'Corpus Christi' March, Ichthus Crusade, global Jesus March

SECTION G
RECONCILIATION AND THE FUTURE AGENDA OF THE CHURCH

31. Towards a new agenda in Namibia: Present position and future task of the Church in Africa
• Christian Perspectives of Reconciliation and Nation-building
• CCN and the UNHCR launching the RRR program, ' Churches Committee for Independence Celebrations' 21 March 1990, national consultation of October 1990
• Towards a future agenda for the church
• International forums or institutes for theological research

INTRODUCTION
A. MAPS, CHARTS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND APPENDICES

1. Maps:
1.1 The tribal distribution in Namibia in the 19th century Intro: xxv
1.2 Spreading of early Nama missions before and during the German colonial era Chap.2:18
1.3 The early Herero and Damara missions in the central regions Chap.2:20
1.4 The tribal distribution and early missions in the Owambo regions Chap.7:92
1.5 The tribal distribution and early missions in the Kavango Region Chap.7:95
1.6 The tribal distribution and early missions in the Caprivi Region Chap.7:97

2. Charts:
2.1 Flowchart I: Baptist Distinctive Groups: general, particular or strict Baptists Chap. 11
2.2 SDA governing System Chap. 11
2.3 African Traditional Worldview: Hierargical view of spiritual forces Chap. 14
2.4 Flowchart II: Classification of 20th century religious groupings in Africa Chap. 14
2.5 Flowchart III: Secessions and plantings of African Independent Churches in Namibia Chap. 14
2.6 The Church Tree: Roots 1806, growth and independence 1957, with fruit, until 1990 Chap. 16

3. Appendices: Church historical documents, photos, index
3.1 The 1971 Open Letter of the Lutheran Churches to the South African Prime Minister; App: 414
3.2 Listing of Namibian programs supported by the Lutheran World Federation App: 416
3.3 Cooperation between Lutheran Church and SWAPO for liberation of Namibia: Talks between Mr Sam Nujoma and Bishop Leonard Auala in Geneve App: 41
3.4 List of photographs, per chapter App: 420
3.5 Alphabetical index of selected names, places and topics App: 423

4. Appendices: Sources
4.1 Bibliography: Publications App: 427
4.2 Bibiography: Periodicals, programs and reports App: 440
4.3 Bibliography: Interviews App: 442
4.4 Bibliography: Topical research App: 445