Tracks in a Mountain Range. Exploring the History of the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg

Authors: Aron Mazel, John Wright
Publisher: Witwatersrand University Press
Johannesburg, 2007
ISBN: 9781868144099
Paperback, 18x21 cm, 176 pages, many bw and colour photos

Geschichtliche Episoden aus dem Gebiet KwaZulu-Natal und Drakensberg, sehr interessant und bildreich dargestellt. Ein Schwerpunkt dabei sind die Buschleute, die schwarzen Farmer und die europäischen Einwanderer.

Description:

Since the arrival of literate European settlers in what is now KwaZulu-Natal in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, numerous stories about the Drakensberg region have made their way into print.

But for every story which happens to have been written down, there are many others which have not, and which are therefore unavailable to us in our aim of wanting to establish a modern-day understanding of the history of the Drakensberg.

This applies especially to the stories told by the unlettered San hunter-gatherers and their forebears during the several thousand years for which they inhabited these mountains, and by the isiNtu-speaking black farmers who have lived in the neighbouring uplands for the past thousand years or so.

But it also applies to the unwritten stories told by European colonizers and their descendants over the last century and a half.

The declaration of the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park as a World Heritage Site - on the basis of its scenic beauty, high degree of biodiversity and the exceptional cultural value of its heritage of San rock art - provides an occasion for reflecting on the history and people of the region, from the earliest known times to the present.

Constructed from archaeological and written sources, this book highlights the histories of the indigenous San hunter-gatherers and black farmers, as well as of the European colonisers.

The accessible text is complemented by photographs of the landscape, rock art and archaeological finds.

The authors have not aimed to write a definitive history, but have tried to open up ways of looking at the region's past which go beyond the mainly 'colonial' views which have predominated in the literature up to the present.

About the authors:

John Wright grew up in the foothills of the Drakensberg and has spent years hiking and riding in the mountains. He studied history at the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg and the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He lectured in the Department of History at the University of Natal and its successor institution, the University of KwaZulu-Natal, from 1971 to 2005. Since 2006 he has been a Senior Research Associate in History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Aron Mazel was raised in Cape Town and studied archaeology at the University of Cape Town. Since 1979 he has undertaken extensive archaeological research into the hunter-gatherer history of the Thukela basin and the rock art of the Drakensberg. Posts he has held include Assistant Director of the Natal Museum in Pietermaritzburg and Director of the South African Cultural History Museum in Cape Town. He now teaches at the International Centre for Cultural and Heritage Studies, Newcastle University, UK.

Content:

List of Maps
Preface

THE MOUNTAINS AND THE STORY-TELLERS
The terrain
Indigenous histories
Histories for a colonial frontier zone
Histories for 'modern' times

THE EXCAVATED PAST
Hunter-gatherers settle in the Drakensberg
Hunter-gatherer life in the Drakensberg
The advent of black farmers

THE ROCK PAINTINGS OF THE MOUNTAINS
Changing interpretations
Preparing paint and making the paintings
Dating the paintings
Abundance and diversity
Powerful visions

BLACK PEOPLE, SAN AND EUROPEAN COLONISTS
New forces of change, 1800-1840
The 'Berg' as a colonial frontier, 1840-1870
The last years of San autonomy

THE CLOSING OF THE MOUNTAIN FRONTIER
The subjugation of the Hlubi
The colonial takeover of East Grigualand and Basutoland

"MODERNISATION' IN THE MOUNTAINS,
The domestication of the Berg, 1890-1940
Tenant labour
The decline of homestead economies
The growth of mountain tourism
Conservation
'Development' and its discontents, 1940s to the present
Farming, trade and a road
Tourism and conservation
The growth of big business and its influence on the Berg
'Homelands' policies and popular resistance
Lesotho
Democracy
Further reading
Index

List of Maps:

The Drakensberg region in relation to neighbouring territories
Locations of archaeological sites mentioned in the text
The Drakensberg region in the later eighteenth century
The Drakensberg region in the mid-to-later nineteenth century
The 'Nomansland' region in the mid-to-later nineteenth century
The Drakensberg region at the end of the twentieth century

Example:

THE CLOSING OF THE MOUNTAIN FRONTIER, 1870-1900
The subjugation of the Hlubi

The raids made by San and others into Natal had been an important factor in keeping the Drakensberg and its foothills beyond the full reach of colonial authority for at least thirty years. Another factor was the weakness of the Natal colonial government, which for many years did not have the resources to establish and maintain a firm presence in these remote and broken borderlands.

This in turn was partly due to the reluctance of successive British imperial governments, with responsibilities for ruling an extensive empire, to spend more than a bare minimum on the administration of small and unimportant colonies such as Natal, or to support them in expansionist adventures.

But by the late 1860s and early 1870s British policy in southern Africa was starting to become significantly more interventionist. Rising nationalist tensions between the major world powers were sharpening rivalries for control of empires and spheres of influence in the outer vvorld.

In southern Africa, Britain's new willingness to take action beyond the borders of the Cape and Natal showed up in its annexation of Basutoland in 1868 and of the newly discovered diamond fields round Kimberley in 1871. At another level, British imperial governments were becoming less concerned about restraining the colonial administrations in the Cape and Natal from siding with white colonists against the black communities whose land and labour they coveted.

In Natal this became clear when, in 1873, a crisis blew up that involved the administration and the colonists in a confrontation with Langalibalele's Hlubi in their location under the Drakensberg. After their flight from the Zulu kingdom in 1848 and their settlement in the upper Bloukrans-Bushmans area in 1849, it took some years for the Hlubi under Langalibalele to re-establish their former prosperity but by the late 1850s they were well on the way to doing so.

They had rebuilt their cattle herds, and numbers of young men were earning cash wages by working on local farms, or in the towns and villages of Natal. Some even sought work as far away as the Cape. Wealthier families bought ploughs and wagons, and by the early 1860s were producing a surplus of maize for sale in the colony.

In contrast, numbers of white settlers in the midlands and upcountry areas continued to struggle in their efforts to establish commercial stock farming. Most had very little capital, and were unable to pay wages high enough to attract a stable labour force from among the black population.

They looked with jealousy at the rising fortunes of black communities like the Hlubi, which competed successfully with them in the marketplace, and made frequent calls on the government in Pietermaritzburg for the black locations to be reduced in size and for the land and labour of the 'uncivilised' to be made available to white colonists on easy terms in the interests of progress and civilisation.

At the same time, Chief Langalibalele was acquiring a reputation among colonial officials as a 'difficult' chief. A hereditary chief in his own right, he was a proud man and a leader not inclined to be submissive towards an authority which he sensed as weak. In 1848 he had initially refused to move with his people into the location designated by the administration, and had eventually done so only when forced.

In the 1850s he quarrelled several times with the magistrates at Estcourt. More dangerously for himself, he earned the suspicion of Theophilus Shepstone, Secretary for Native Affairs in the colony and the main architect of its native policies from 1846 to 1876. Though he was a strong advocate of the policy of indirectly ruling the black communities in Natal through their own leaders, he was constantly on the lookout for opportunities to diminish the authority wielded by the more powerful chiefs and bring them firmly under the heel of the colonial administration.

In the early 1870s the hostility of white farmers towards black communities in the locations was growing markedly. A serious economic depression in the late 1860s had badly affected commercial farming. Black communities, less tied to the market than were the white settlers, had been less affected.

After 1870, the labour shortages which were a perennial part of farming lrfe were made worse by the expansion of diamond mining at Kimberley where wages for black labourers were two to three times higher than on farms in Natal. Numbers of young men from the colony, including many from the Hlubr location, walked the 500 or 600 kilometres to find work on the mines. Natal upcountry farmers faced increasing pressure to put up wages.

In 1872 the Natal government resolved to take active steps to try to cut down on the illegal importation of firearms into the colony by men returning from the Kimberley mines, where white traders were selling guns in large numbers. In March 1873 Langalibalele received an instruction from the magistrate at Estcourt, John Macfarlane, that he was to send all unlicensed firearms in possession of his people to be registered at the magistracy.

It was an order that the chief regarded as impossible for him to implement for, as he later indicated, he had no idea which of the nearly 2000 men of his chiefdom owned guns, and in any case he did not have the power to enforce registration. He replied to Macfarlane that he could do nothing about the matter as he was ill. [...]

Index:

A
African National Congress 139, 143, 144
Agriculture 46, 87, 117, 120-21, 124-5, 129, 130,
131, 146
Addison, G. 137
Alexander, D. 21
Amafa 68-9
Anderson, W 68
Apartheid 20, 140, 142, 143
Archaeology 15, 20, 23-48
Artefacts 23, 28, 29, 37, 39, 40-45, 59
B
Bamboo Mountain 88-9
Bantu see isiNtu
Barkly, Sir H. 112
Barnes, B. 21
Basutoland 15, 76, 94, 95, 97, 101, 103, 104, 106,
109-19 passim, 137, 143 (see also Lesotho)
Battis, W 52
Battle Cave 50, 69, 71
Beads 44, 76, 91
Beersheba 72
Bees 62, 63, 70
Bergville 14, 78, 83, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
127, 141
Berlin Mission, 15, 16, 83
Bhaca 78, 79, 85, 90, 92, 111, 115
Bhambatha 124
Bhele 73, 75, 77, 78, 79
Bill's Bam 134
Bisi river 91
Black farmers 5, 8, 23, 28, 29, 46-8, 60, 65, 66,
67, 73-4, 87
Blackburn, D. 15
'Black spots' 141
Bleek, W 12, 13, 27, 51, 54
Bloukrans (Msuluzi) river 82, 98
Boers 8, 65, 80, 81, 84, 87, 93
Boston 93
Breuil, H. 52
British 8, 10, 65, 80, 81, 84, 87, 89, 97, 108, 109,
111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 143
Bryant, A. 77
Bulpin, T. 21
Bulwer 121, 122, 141
Bulwer, Sir H. 51
Bushman Relics Protection Act of 1911 68
Bushmans (Mtshezi) river 73, 82, 92, 98, 129, 144
Bushman's Nek 59
Bushman's Pass 103, 104, 106
Buthelezi, M. 142
c
Cable, C. 20, 26, 27, 36
Campbell, C. 66
'Cannibals' 78, 79
Cape Colony 80, 81, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 98, 104,
108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 119
Cape Mounted Rifles 92, 93
Carnarvon, Lord 108, 109
Carter, P 20, 23, 26, 27, 33
Cascade 2 shelter 59
Cathedral Peak 25, 26, 52, 53, 69, 127, 129
Cathedral Peak Hotel 128
Cathkin Forest Reserve 129
Cathkin Park 25, 26, 52
Cathkin Peak 133, 142
Cattle 35, 46, 62-6 passim, 73, 77, 83, 87, 88-9,
90, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 105, 112,
117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 130
Cedara 93
Champagne Castle 132
Chubb, E. 26
Chunu 78, 79
Clark, M. 21
Clark, SirM. 114, 115, 117
Clark's Shelter 20, 27, 34-5, 37, 42
Climate 4, 25
Cobham 129, 136
Colenso, Ell
Colenso, Bishop J. W 11, 101, 106, 108
Collingham Shelter 5, 27, 29, 33, 34-5, 37, 38, 39,
42, 43, 44, 45, 57, 59, 69
Congress of South African Trade Unions 142
Conservation 18, 52, 68-9, 87, 128-9, 130, 133-7,
142, 144-5
Copper 44
Cyprus 1 shelter 55
D
Dagga 139, 140, 143, 144
Dancers' Cave 66
Dargle 82, 83, 92
Dating of paintings 57-8, 68
Delagoa Bay 74, 76
Department of Forestry 68, 134, 135, 137, 142
Diakwain 53
Diamond 1 shelter 26, 27, 34-5, 37, 59
Diamonds 139
Didima Rock Art Centre 69
Dingane 79
Dlamini 73
DobieJ. 11, 82, 94
Dogs 46, 62, 87
Dowson, T. 66, 69, 70, 71
Drakensberg Park 136, 137, 145
Durban 121, 127, 133 (see also Port Natal)
Dumford, A. 102, 104
E
East Coast fever 121, 124
East Griqualand 14, 80, 93, 101, 103, 104, 109,
112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122,
141
Ebusingatha Shelter 26
Edendale 92
Eland 5, 33, 35, 53, 57, 63, 70, 71, 87, 90, 28,
135
Eland Cave 6-7, 40, 41, 60, 61, 67, 71
Elandskop 83, 92
Ellenberger, V 21
Emmaus 83
Escotl, B. 59
Esikolweni Shelter 58
Estcourt 78, 82, 83, 92, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108,
120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 132, 140
Ethnography 27, 32, 47, 62
Evans, M. 26
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 145
F
Faku 92
Farming see Agriculture
Federation of South African Trade Unions 142
Fire 5, 87, 119
Firearms 66, 80, 87, 93, 94, 100, 103
Fish 33, 62
Food 28-29, 32, 33, 34-5, 36, 37, 42, 62, 91
Forests 87, 129, 134 (see also Department of
Forestry; Timber)
Fort Durnford 104
Fort Nottingham 83, 93, 94, 103
Fynn, H. 92
KJ
Game Pass Shelter 69
Garden, R. 85
Garden Castle Forestry 134
Gardiner, A. 9, 10, 85
Gathering 28-9, 32, 88
Gender relations 32, 66
Geology 2-4, 136
Germond, R. 21
Giant's Castle 51, 103, 146
Giant's Castle Game Reserve 53, 69, 128, 129, 134,
135
Giant's Cup 8-9
Goats 46, 123
Godbold, B. 21
Gondwana 2, 3
Good Hope Shelter 5, 25, 27, 34-5, 37, 68
Goodwin, A. 26
Grasslands 4-5, 73, 87, 117, 129, 130, 136, 145
Greytown 122
Griqua 93, 109, 111, 112, 119
Guest, B. 20
Guy, R. 21
Gxalingenwa Shelter 65
H
Hamm, E 120, 122
/Hankass'o 54
Harrismith 127
Hartebeest 61, 63, 87
Herd, N. 20
Heritage 12, 68, 69, 145, 147
Hermannsburg Mission 83
Highmoor 134
Highmoor 1 shelter 58
Himeville 10, 14, 73, 112, 119, 121, 133, 140
HIV/AIDS 144
Hlongwane, A. 15-16, 17, 18
Hlongwane, T. 142
Hlubi 11, 20, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 86, 98-109,
112, 123, 140, 144
Hodgson's Peaks 8-9
Hoflenthal 16
Homelands policy 136, 140-2
Horses 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 80, 88-9, 90, 93, 94,
114, 117
'Hottentots' 90
How, M. 21, 56
Hunter-gatherers 6, 23-45, 47, 58, 60, 65
Hunting 28-9, 32-3, 40-41, 46, 57, 80, 87, 88
Hutchinson, M. 51, 68
I
Ikanti Shelter 59, 61
Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union 122,
123
Ingram, J. 126
Inkatha 142, 144
Iron 43, 44
Isandlwana 113
Ivory 76, 80
I
Johannesburg 133
Jolly, P. 54, 56
Jonathan, L 143
K
//Kabbo 53
Ka-Masihlenga Shelter 70
Kamberg Nature Reserve 69, 134
Kamberg Rock Art Centre 69
Kao 137
Kaplan, J. 30, 31
Karkloof 92
uKhahlamba 10, 84
uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park 145, 147
Khanyile, C. 30, 31
Khatse dam 143
Kholoboto 94
Khoza, M. 30, 31
Kimberley 97, 99, 100, 116
King, B. 26
Klip (Mnambithi) river 73
Kok, A. Ill, 112
Kokstad 111, 122
KwaZulu homeland 141-2, 145
KwaZulu-Natal 144-5
KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife 69
L
Ladysmith 78
Langalibalele 11, 13, 21, 81, 98-106, 107, 108-9,
123, 144
Langalibalele Pass 104 (see also Bushman's Pass)
Later Stone Age 23, 25
Leather 41, 42, 43, 44
Ledingwana 116, 117
Lee, N. 53
Le Fleur rebellion 112
Lerothodi 116
Lesotho, 20-21, 56, 65, 80, 88, 109, 117, 130,
142, 143, 145-6, 147 (see also Basutoland)
Letseng la Terae 137
Letsie 111, 113, 114, 116
Lewis-Williams, D. 20, 53, 54, 55-6, 59, 67, 69,
70, 71
Liebenberg, D. 21
Lloyd, L. 27, 51, 54
Lombard, A. 40
Lombard, J. 40
Lotheni 15, 119, 121, 145
Lotheni Nature Reserve 121, 134
Lugaju 93
M
'M' 56, 57, 71
Mabhonsa 76, 77
Macfarlane, J. 100, 101, 102
Madibamatso (Malibamatso) river 116, 143
Maggs, T. 49, 68
Maize 32, 47, 98, 116, 124, 130
Mam Caves 58, 68, 69
Makheke 132
Maluti mountains 104, 114
Manson, A. 20
Mapote 56-7
Maps 85, 132
Mason, A. 52
Masumpa 16
Matatiele 14, 93, 112, 121
Matiwane 76, 77, 78, 81
Mazel, A. 20, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 47-8, 57, 58, 59,
63, 68
Mbelekwana 90
McCallum, Sir H. 125
McClendon, T. 20
Mdushane 85
Mdwebo 89-90, 91, 92
Medikane (Melikane) 94
Medikane river 12, 98
Meiklejohn, I. 68
Mgoduyanuka 32, 48-9
Mhlwazini Cave 5, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
34, 37, 39, 43, 45, 59
Middle Stone Age 23, 25, 29
Millet 46, 47
Mineral resources 136, 139
Missions and Missionaries 15, 16, 83, 117
Mitchell, P. 20, 27
Mkhomazi Forestry 134
Mlambonja river 81, 128
Mokhotlong 116, 117, 133
Mokhotlong river 131
Molapo 95, 103, 105, 116
Monk's Cowl 129
Mont-aux-Sources 132
Mooi river 83, 94
Mooi River village 14, 73, 102, 121, 122
Moorosi 12, 92, 93, 94, 113, 114
Moshweshwe 92, 93, 103, 111, 116
Mountaineering 15, 126, 127
Mountain scenery 85, 126
Mpande 82
Mpendle 93, 141
Mpondo 79, 80, 92
Mpondomise 90, 92, 93, 115
Mpongweni North shelter 38, 61, 64
Msebenzi 16, 17, 18, 77
Mthethwa, G. 30
Mzimvubu river 90
N
Names and naming 7, 10, 84
Natal Agricultural Union 141
Natal Carbineers 100, 123
Natal Museum 40, 52, 68, 69, 89
Natal National Park see Royal Natal National Park
Natal Native Police 92
Natal Parks Board 133-4, 136, 137, 144
National Olympic Committee 145
uNdi 10, 84
Ndwandwe 74, 77, 78
Nguni 46
Ngwane 15, 16, 18, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 86,
122, 140, 142, 144
Ngwe 82, 83, 86, 104, 108, 109, 140
Nhlangwim 73, 78, 80, 111
Njisuthi river 82, 102
Nkosazana Shelter 20, 69
Nomansland 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 109, 112
Nottingham Road 14, 73, 121
Nqabayo 90, 92
Nqasha 12, 13
Ntaretsane 94
isiNtu 46, 84
Nxamalala 93
o
Ochre 42, 44, 45, 56
Oliviershoek 120
Olympic Games 145
Orange (Senqu) river 12, 33, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94,
95, 98, 104, 113, 114, 116, 117
Orange Free State 93, 111, 127
Orpen, J. 12, 13, 51, 54, 104, 112, 115
P
Pager, H. 20, 53, 59, 60
Paint and painting 56-7, 60, 63, 71
Paris Evangelical Mission Society 117
Pearse, R. 21
Phuthi 92, 93, 94, 95, 113, 114, 116
Phuthini 82
Pietermaritzburg 79, 81, 83, 92, 93, 101, 102, 103,
105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 121, 125, 127
Pine, B. 85, 103, 108
Poison 114
Port Natal 80, 81 (see also Durban)
Portuguese 47, 76
Posselt, K. 83
Pottery 42, 44, 46, 59
Pretorius, A. 80
Prins, E 20
Qing 12, 13, 54, 115
Qu thing 113
R
Rain animals 88, 89
Rainfall 4, 40, 47
Rainmaking 63, 65-6
Ramatseliso's Gate 143
Rebellion of 1906 124, 125
Recreation see Tourism
Redi Peak 147
Religion 67
Reserves for black people 81, 82, 83, 98, 123-4,
125, 130, 131, 139, 140-2, 144
Rhebuck 5, 61, 63, 70
Rinderpest 112, 124
Robben Island 108, 109
Robinson 40
Rock paintings 3, 6, 12-13,15, 18, 25, 27, 28, 38,
40, 44, 45, 51-71
Rock shelters 1,3,6, 12, 23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33,
48, 56, 59, 60, 68, 69, 70, 71
Root, C. 121
Root, W. 121
Royal Natal National Park 59, 61, 127, 129
Russell, T. 58
s
San 6, 7, 8, 10-20 passim, 25, 27, 32, 40, 41, 51-9
passim, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76,
79-98 passim, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119,
132, 145, 147
Sani Pass 4, 132, 133
Schiele, B. 15
Seasonal mobility hypothesis 26, 28, 33-4, 36
Sehonghong 94
Sehonghong Cave 25, 29, 95, 114, 115
Sekhonyana (Nehemiah) 95
Senqu see Orange (Senqu) river
Senqunyana river 76, 94
Shaded polychromes 61
Shaka 78, 79
Shamanism 54, 56, 58, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69-70, 71
Sheep 35, 40, 46, 62, 83, 89, 117, 120, 121, 130
Shepstone, J. 32, 91, 106
Shepstone, T. 99, 101, 102, 103, 106, 108, 111
Snakes 50
Soai see Swayi
Soil erosion 117, 145
Solomon, A. 55-6
Sorghum 46, 47
Sotho 90, 93, 95, 103, 104, 109, 111, 112, 113,
114, 115, 116, 119
South African Republic 104
Stock theft 143, 144
Stone tools 37-9, 42, 43, 59
Stuart, J. 13, 76, 77
Surplus People Project 20
Swart, J. 59
Swartkop Location 83, 109
Swayi (Soai) 94, 114
Symons, R. 129
Tenant labour 122, 130, 144
Thabana Ntlenyana 4, 132
Thembu 78
Therianthropes 55, 70
Thola 90, 92
Timber 130
Tlokwa 116
Tolo 73, 74, 75, 78
Tools see artefacts
Tourism 14, 19, 68, 127-8, 130, 133, 135, 144,
145, 146-7
Trade 44-5, 46, 76, 80, 83, 88, 89, 100, 111
Trance 61, 62, 67, 69, 71
Transfrontier park 145-6, 147
Transkei40, 56, 65, 113, 115, 119, 141
'Tribe' 74
Trout 14, 127
Tylden, G. 21
Tylor, L. 68
u
Underberg 10, 14, 73, 89, 112, 119, 121, 133, 141
UNESCO 145
United Democratic Front 142
Upper Tugela Location 139, 140, 141, 142
v
Van Riet Lowe, C. 26, 52
VanWarmelo, N. 17, 18
Vegetation 4-5, 23, 87
Vergelegen Nature Reserve 134, 141
Vinnicombe, P. 20, 27, 40, 53, 54, 59, 63, 68, 145
w
Ward, V 68
Watchman, A. 27, 58
Water resources 136, 139, 143
Wells expedition 25, 26, 52
West, M. 81
Wheat 116
White Elephant Shelter 58
White settlers in Natal 1, 6, 8, 10, 14, 65, 80, 81,
83, 84, 119
Whyte, Trooper 52, 68
Wilderness areas 134-5
Wildlife 5-6, 29, 33, 34-5, 37, 62, 63, 87, 119
Willcox, A. 18, 23, 26, 52, 53
Winterton 120, 121, 122, 140
Witwatersrand 116, 121, 124, 127, 130, 143
Witzie's Hoek 127
Wodehouse, Sir E 109, 111, 112
Woodhouse, B. 53
Woodstock dam 139, 142
World Heritage Site 145
Wright, B. 134
Wright, J. 20
z
Zikhali 81
Zizi 8, 47, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 86
Zulu people 78, 82, 98, 101, 102, 104, 113
lsiZulu 84, 147
Zuma, 93
Zwide 74, 76, 78