African Dream Machines. Style, Identity and Meaning of African Headrests

Author: Anitra Nettleton
Publisher: Witwatersrand University Press
Johannesburg, 2008
ISBN 9781868144587
Paperback, 17x24 cm, 352 pages, many bw-illustrations

Description:

African headrests have been moved out of the category of functional objects and into the more rarefied category of 'art' objects.

Styles in African headrests are usually defined in terms of western art and archaeological discourses, but this book interrogates these definitions of style through a case study of headrests of the 'Tellem' of Mali.

"African Dream Machines" questions the assumed one-to-one relationship between formal styles and ethnic identities or classifications.

The notion of 'authenticity' as a fixed value in relation to African art is de-stabilised, while historical factors are used to demonstrate that 'authenticity', in the form sought by collectors of antique African art, is largely a construct, which has no basis in historical reality.

The final chapter seeks to understand the significance of African headrests in relation to a number of different perspectives:

The western fascination with the headrest as a synecdoche for "otherness"; their iconography in terms of subject matter (human and animal figures); and the ways in which headrests are used as support to the head of a sleeping person.

Each of the many headrests discussed is illustrated in a drawing by the author.

About the author:

Anitra Nettelton is a Professor in the Wits School of Arts, Johannesburg. This manuscript was awarded the University Research Committee Publication Award in 2006.

Reviews:

Professor John Mack, World Art Studies, University of East Anglia:
Scholarship on sub-Saharan Africa is very thinly theorised. Few scholars seem to have the range to make connections with art practice elsewhere and generally offer interpretations which struggle to get beyond ethnographic documentation.

Few monographs engage with the wider debates. This book is an exception... The author is one of those at the forefront of this engagement.

Preface:

This book has been in the making for a total of fifteen years. The research started with my PhD on the traditional woodcarving of the Shona- and Venda-speaking peoples of Zimbabwe and South Africa (Nettleton 1985).

Among the artefacts made by Southern African peoples, headrests were the best known, and they formed the centre of what I was to write about the art of the Shona. I spent a year in Europe in 1975-1976 researching all forms of woodcarving among Southern African peoples and discovered museum stores full of unacknowledged 'masterpieces' made by speakers of numerous Southern African languages.

Many of these were headrests. In investigating headrests closely, I became aware of contexts of use and distributions of form which allowed me to use headrests to investigate a number of problems that face anyone who wishes to use art-historical methodologies to understand form, style and content in African art objects.

A Council Fellowship from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1990 to 1991 enabled me to hunt down more headrests from across the African continent held in museum collections across Europe, and to develop an archive in the form of notes on, and photographs and sketches of each headrest I encountered. Where I was permitted, I also consulted museum registers for histories of these objects and made notes on that material in order to establish a particular context for each.

Armed with this research I returned home to begin its compilation, and began the process of drawing every headrest which I intended to illustrate in the book. Some of the drawings were made between 1980 and 1983, as illustrations for my PhD thesis, but the vast majority were executed between 1992 and 2005.

Many examples from South African collections were added at this time, expanding the field vastly. Initially I started the drawings because I was obstructed from taking photographs in two museums, once in Zimbabwe in 1981, and once in Belgium in 1991. However, I soon discovered that drawings enabled me to present information that would have been completely impossible with single views of each object such as those offered by the conventional face-view photograph.

The process of drawing then became a tool of analysis as much as it was a means of presenting visual information. So, while the drawings started out as mere accompaniments to a text whose research dimension was vast, they have become a major part of the project in their own right.

The text in this book examines objects whose functional utility might, in the past, have prevented them from being taken seriously as forms of art. The book therefore starts with a chapter which examines the processes whereby such objects have been incorporated into a discourse of aesthetics and meaning and thus of 'art'.

That is followed by a chapter in which the notion of 'style' is interrogated in relation to a single, albeit contested, 'ethnic' group, the Tellem. Chapter three is a short explanation of methodological issues underlying the research and the use of the drawings. In the next two chapters I track the distribution of a single form of headrest, those which use single or multiple columns as supports, across the continent and across time on the continent, and in the process I trace similarities among widely dispersed forms.

This distribution study is also used to challenge notions of 'authenticity'. I then turn to discussing headrests in regional categories, starting with East Africa, looking mostly at forms made by people speaking Cushitic and Nilotic languages. The following chapter looks at headrest forms made by Bantu speakers, which are quite different from those made by the East African groups and which are tracked here in relation to histories of collection and marketing.

These two chapters also look at the ways in which identity has been assigned to particular headrests. In the final chapter I discuss the making, use and meanings of African headrests on a number of different levels, using examples from across the continent, and contextual material. In this chapter a number of photographs are used to provide the reader with a visual context into which to place the drawings and textual exegesis.

Sample index:

1 Bent (1892:35), Wooden Pillow, Mashonaland, Mashona.
2 Bent (1892:45), Tattooed Women from Chibi's, Gambidgi's and Kunzi's Countries, Mashonaland, Mashona.
3 Bent (1892:46), Egyptian Pillow, Ancient Egypt.
4 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 66.14.10), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
5 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 67.19.1), Mali, "Tellem", iron.
6 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.15.1), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
7 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.16.9), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
8 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.17.6), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
9 Bedaux (1988:44,no. 20),Mali,"Tellem", wood.
10 Ezra (1988:102), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
11 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.17.7), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
12 Dewey (1993:95), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
13 Falgayrettes (1989:27), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
14 Falgayrettes (1989:27), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
15 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 73.30.1), Mali,"Tellem", wood.
16 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.16.8), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
17 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 66.16.3), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
18 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 79.20.4), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
19 Falgayrettes (1989:27), Mali, "Tellem", iron.
20 Ross (1994, fig. 1), Mali," Tellem",imn.
21 Falgayrettes (1989:26),Mali,"Tellem", wood.
22 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 63.15.1), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
23 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.73.2), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
24 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 79.20.8), Mali, "Tellem", wood.
25 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 78.73.3), Mali, "Tellem", "headrest'Vboard, wood.
26 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 79.20.9), Mali, "Tellem", "headrest'Vboard, wood.
CHAPTER 4 (pp. 95-129)
27 Brussels, Musee des Arts et Histoire, Ancient Egypt, headrest of a contemporary of Pharaoh Pepi I, Old Kingdom, alabaster, c. 2200 BCE.
28 Brussels, Musee des Arts et Histoire, Ancient Egypt, headrest, Old Kingdom, wood, metal, 14 cm h.
29 British Museum (no. 1949.46.689), Oldman Collection, Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom, wood, 13 cm h.
30 British Museum (no. 1893 7.15.16), collected by J. T. H. Bent, Ethiopia, wood, 15.5 cm h.
31 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1940.12.532), collected by Charles G. Seligman, Upper Egypt, Bisharin(?) near Assuan, wood, 15 cm h.
32 British Museum (no. 1972 Afl 1.5), collected by Brigadier General Matthews, donated by Mrs Collins, Somalia, wood, 16.5 cm h.
33 British Museum (no. 1939 Af30-42), collected by Dr S. F. Nadel, c. 1938, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Jebel
District, Nuba Hills, Ko'aub, wood, 13.75 cm h.
34 Van der Stappen (1996:41, no. 62), Collected 1995, 'Ethiopia', wood, 17 cm h.
35 Van der Stappen (1996:42, no. 66), Collected 1994, 'Ethiopia', wood, 14 cm h.
36 Van der Stappen (1996:58, no. 117), Collected 1993, 'Ethiopia', 'Oromo', wood, 14 cm h.
37 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. K D 12), Tanzania/Zaire, Matengo, wood, 15 cm h.
38 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 14.4.36), acquired from Rattwinkel, 1914, German East Africa, Wagowa, wood, fibre, 13 cm h.
39 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 28.1.111), acquired from Kiisters, Tanganyika (Tanzania), Nainalengo (1928), msamiro, wood, 11.5 cm h.
40 British Museum (no. 1934 05076), collected by Major Hinde, 'Kenya', wood, 14 cm h.
41 Brighton Museum (no. R844/54), collected by A. G. Mumford, accessioned 1908, Mumford travelled through the Belgian Congo and made copious notes on the objects he collected, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Katanga, Luba, wood, 16 cm h.
42 Brighton Museum (no. R1437/3), collected by Rev. Dr Polly, accessioned 1913, Zimbabwef?) Mashonaland/Shona, wood, 14 cm h.
43 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 13.68.14),'Ethiopia', wood, 16cm h.
44 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23 TB 182), (Wellcome Collection, no. 41391A), 'Ethiopia', wood, beads, 14 cm h.
45 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23 TB 182), (Wellcome Collection, no. 41391B), 'Ethiopia', wood, pigment, 17 cm h.
46 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 73.65.1),'Ethiopia', wood, 16cm h.
47 Van der Stappen (1996:60, no. 123), Collected 1993 in the country of the Oromo language, Ethiopia, Oromo(?), wood, 17 cm h.
48 Van der Stappen (1996:70, no. 165), Collected 1991 in the Lake region, used by women, Ethiopia,'Arsi', wood, 18 cm h.
49 Van der Stappen (1996:58, no. 116), Collected 1994, Ethiopia,'Oromo', wood, 13 cm h.
50 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 74.57.3), 'Ethiopia', wood, 17 cm h.
51 Van der Stappen (1996:44, no. 74), Collected 1991, 'Ethiopia', 'Gurague' (Gurage), wood, 19 cm h.
52 Van der Stappen (1996:94, no. 243), Collected 1995 (Wassero Village), fidena ... only used by men, Ethiopia, 'Gurague' (Gurage), wood, 15 cm h.
53 Van der Stappen (1996:93, no. 237), Collected 1995 (Wassero Village), fidena ... only used by men, Ethiopia, 'Afar', wood, 17 cm h.
54 Van der Stappen (1996:94, no. 241), Collected 1995 (Wassero Village), used by men, Ethiopia,'Afar', wood, 16 cm h.
55 Van der Stappen (1996:93, no. 239), Collected 1995 (Wassero Village), Ethiopia,'Afar', wood, 16cmh.
56 Van der Stappen (1989:61, no. 127), Collected 1993, Ethiopia, 'Oromo(?)', wood, 16 cm h.
57 Van der Stappen (1996:61, no. 128), Collected 1993, Ethiopia,'Oromo(?)', wood, 17 cm h.
58 Van der Stappen (1989:92, no. 234), Collected 1991 in the village ofAli Bete, used by men, Ethiopia,'Afar, wood, 14 cm h.
59 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.739), Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo), wood, 16.2 cm h.
60 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 31628 [TB 181]), Ethiopia/Somaliland, wood, 18.2 cm h._
61 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. Balfour 1.35.III.168), Collected by Balfour in Aden, donated 1905, 'Somali?', wood, 13 cm h.
62 British Museum (no. 1928 3.3.17), collected by Major Powell-Cotton in Addis Ababa on 27th January 1900, bought by the British Museum in 1928, Ethiopia, wood, 18.6 cm h.
63 British Museum (no. 1934 7-17.45), collected by T. Culle, French Somaliland/Ethiopia Border, Esa (Issa) Tribe/Rahale?, wood, 14.5 cm h.
64 British Museum (no. 1928 5.9.1), collected by Lieutenant Colonel P. E. Alden, Obtained 1923 from the Somali - ordinary type in general use, 'British Somalia', wood, pigment, 19.5 cm h.
65 British Museum (no. 1928 5.9.3), collected by Lieutenant Colonel P. E. Alden, Obtained 1923 from the Somali - ordinary type in general use, 'British Somalia', wood, pigment, 15.2 cm h.
66 British Museum (no. 1934 605 145), donated by Captain Blaine, Somali, Somali Republic (Kenya? Ethiopia?), wood, pigment, 21 cm h.
67 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.14), collected by Major Powell-Cotton, NE Africa, Somaliland, wood, pigment, 17.9 cm h.
68 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, TB 1800, no. 15154, B. Wells), 'Somali', wood, pigment, 16.1 cm h.
69 British Museum (no. +990), Presented by Khedive of Egypt 1-12-78, Paris Exhibition 1878 (register entry), Nile, Congo "Azande Tribe" (label). NE Africa, "Neam Neam", 'Somali' (attributed by M. A. Carey), wood, burning, 14 cm h.
70 British Museum (no. 1923.0710.22), collected by Dr Crispin, NE Sudan, Dinka, wood, fibre, burning, 14 cm h.
71 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 22497,1902), Uganda, Bari, Gondokoro(?), wood, fibre, 16 cm h.
72 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 26-T-1975), acquired from Theresa Prins, Sudan, Dinka, wood, 21 cm h.
73 British Museum (no. 1935 Af30-42), collected by E. E. Evans Pritchard, Anglo Egyptian Sudan, Eastern Jebel District, Nuba Hills, Koalit Tribes, Koa'ub, wood, 18 cm h.
74 British Museum (no. 1934 6.5.65), collected by Captain G. Blaine, Anglo Egyptian Sudan, wood, 12.5 cm h.
75 British Museum (no. 1907.5.28.15), collected by Emil Torday, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Huangana' (Hungana), wood, 20 cm h.
76 British Museum (no. 1907.5.28.16), collected by Emil Torday, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango-Kwilu (region), Northern Bambala/KotoKoto (Northern Mbala/Kotokoto), wood, 16.4 cm h.
77 British Museum (no. 1907.5.28.158), collected by Emil Torday, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango-Kwilu (region), Northern Bambala (Mbala), wood, 18.3 cm h.
78 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 17217), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 14), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cataract region, BaTeke (Teke), wood, 15 cm h.
79 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 17248), (Maes 1929: pi. I, fig. 11), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Stanley-Pool region, Leopoldville, BaTeke (Teke), wood, 17.5 cm h.
80 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 30535), (cf. Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 13), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1929, BaTeke (Teke), wood, 15 cm h.
81 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 37385), Democratic Republic of the Congo, BaTeke (Teke), (1890-99), wood, metal studs, 17.7 cm h.
82 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 53.74.3301), collected by Albert Maesen, acquisitioned 1954, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kingala, village of Bandundu, Bandundu, Teke, wood, metal studs, fibre, 13.9 cmh.
83 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 33171), 1931, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango (region), 'Yaka', wood, 12.2 cm h.
84 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 44555), 1945, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango (region), 'Yaka', wood, metal studs, 13.3 cm h.
85 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 60.39.1030), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango (region), 'Yaka', wood, 15.5 cm h.
86 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 56.10.10), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango (region), 'Yaka', wood, metal studs, 15.5 cm h.
87 British Museum (no. 1949 Af43.352), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Oldman Collection, 'Yaka' (attributed by William Fagg), wood, metal studs, 14.8 cm h.
88 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23.1832), (Wellcome Collection, no. 8584), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka', wood, metal studs, 18 cm h.
89 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 40544), (no museum attribution), 1945, Democratic Republic of the Congo/Angola? Cokwe/Lunda?, wood, metal studs, 11.3 cm h.
90 British Museum (no. 1979 Afl.2119), collected by Misses A. and D. Powell-Cotton, 1936, Angola, Mwila (Wila), Mucanka, wood, 15 cm h.
91 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1940.7.231) (37.268), collected by Misses A. and D. Powell-Cotton, 1937, donated 1940, Angola, Mwila (Wila), wood, 14 cm h.
92 British Museum (no. 1979 Af1.2006), collected by Misses A. and D. Powell-Cotton, Angola, Mwila (Wila), 1936, wood, 17 cm h.
93 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1940.7.232) (37.268), collected by Misses A. and D. Powell-Cotton, 1937, donated 1940, Angola, Mwila (Wila), wood, 15 cm h.
94 Bottom view of headrests in figures 90 and 91.
95 University of the Witwatersrand Art Galleries (no. 89 4505), Angola, Ovahimba (Himba), wood, 17 cm h.
96 University of the Witwatersrand Art Galleries (no. 89 4411), Angola, north-east Namibia, Ovahimba (Himba) metis headrest, opuwo, wood, 17 cm h.
97 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 232216), collected by Steans, 8 January 2007,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, BaLuba? (Luba), Nyangire, wood, 16.2 cm h.
98 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 6567), (Maes 1929:6, pi. I, fig. 16), donated by M. Janssens of the Musees Royaux du Cinquantenaire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ituri district, Mangbetu, wood, 15.5 cm h.
99 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 35927), (cf. 6567,1912), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (region), Sapo-Kanwamba, wood, 17 cm h.
100 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 40561), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kwango' (region), Popokabaka 'district', wood, 14 cm h.
101 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 57.53.19), Democratic Republic of the Congo,'Shaba' (province), Kinda Kamina (region), wood, 16.3 cm h.
102 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 52.48.98), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (region), Kapanga 'district', wood, 16 cm h.
103 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.629), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia(?) (Zimbabwe), Mashona (Shona), wood, 15.4 cm h.
104 British Museum (no. 1902.107), collected by H. F. Tomalin, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), between Salisbury (Harare) and Tete on the Zambesi, Mashona?, wood, 14.1 cm h.
105 British Museum (no. 1952 Af26.42), collection by Main and Williams, Southern Rhodesia, Zimbabwe? Mashona?, wood, 14.1 cm h.
106 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. NS 26675), Collected by Frobenius? South Africa, "Kaffern", wood, 12.5 cm h.
107 Hamburg, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 13.174:30), bought from "Kowietzko", Destroyed in World War II, "Betshuaan" (Tswana), 'Kalanga?', wood, 14.6 cm h.
108 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 221010), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 'Shona', wood, 14.6 cm h.
109 Tshwane (Pretoria), National Culture History Museum, collected by H. P. Junod, 1940, South Africa, Transvaal, Shangaan (Shangane), 'Tsonga', wood, 13 cm h.
110 Muller and Snelleman (c. 1892, pi. XV, no. 2), Zoutpansberg, Transvaal, probably Tsonga, wood, 17 cm h.
111 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 672), (Maes 1929, pi. II, fig. 1), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bangoi (Giri)region, Bangala district, BaLoei (Loei), wood, metal wire, 12 cm h.
112 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 36720), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (region), 'Sapo Kanwamba', wood.
113 British Museum (no. 1954 N23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 232216,'Mashona?'), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Luba', wood, 14 cm h.
114 British Museum (no. 1954 N23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 9256), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bankusu Nkuta? Lualaba Nyangwe, 'Luba?', bone, 8 cm h.
115 British Museum (no. 1904 6-11.5), collected by Emil Torday, 1904, Democratic Republic of the Congo, LakeMweru (region), BaLuba (Luba), wood, 12 cm h.
116 British Museum (no. 1904 6-11.6), collected by Emil Torday, 1904, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Mweru (region), BaLuba (Luba), wood, 13.6 cm h.
117 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 22718), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 5), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sankuru (region), Lusambo (district), BaSongye (Songye), wood.
118 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 22724), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 4), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sankuru (region), Lusambo (district), [BajSongye (Songye), wood, 11.5 cm h.
119 Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale (no. 55.80.6), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (province), wood.
120 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 22720), (Maes 1929, pi. IV, fig. 19), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo (district), BaSongye (Songye), wood, 13.5 cm h.
121 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 22711), (Maes 1929, pi. IV, fig. 16), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luluabourg (district), Bena Lulua (Lulua), wood, 14 cm h.
122 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 22722), (Maes 1929, pi. IV, fig. 17), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luluabourg (district), Bakete (Kete), wood, 10.5 cm h.
123 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 53.4.14), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai? (province), wood.
124 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 62.34.1), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Kinda Kamina (region), Luba?, wood.
125 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 57.32.35), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Kinda Kamina (region), wood.
126 University of the Witwatersrand Art Galleries, Museum of Ethnology (no. WME 083), collected by William F. P. Burton, late 1920s/1930s, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Mwanza district, wood, 15.5 cm h.
127 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 57.53.20), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba? (province), Kinda Kamina? (region), wood.
128 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 35646), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Location Milundila, wood.
129 British Museum (no. 1889 2.12.3), collected by Edward Coode Hoare, 1889, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo Free State, Cuba, wood, 14 cm h.
130 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 31652), Democratic Republic of the Congo, wood.
131 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 55.35.18), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Kinda Kamina (region), wood.
132 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 54.74.22), Democratic Republic of the Congo, wood.
133 University of the Witwatersrand Art Galleries, Museum of Ethnology (no. WME 026), collected by William E R Burton, late 1920s/1930s, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Mwanza district, wood, 13.2 cm h, design called Mapingo a Muswayo.
134 University of the Witwatersrand Art Galleries, Museum of Ethnology (no. WME081), collected by William F. P. Burton, late 1920s/1930s, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Sanga (region), Luba/Kisalianperiod, fired clay, 8.2 cm h.
135 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 7341), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 18), acquired from M. Castelain, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luebo (district), Bakete (Kete), wood, 13 cm h.
136 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 7341), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 20), acquired from M. Castelain, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo (district), BaSongye (Songye), wood, 14.5 cm h.
137 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 26074), (Maes pi. V, fig. 16), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo (district), BaSongye (Songye), wood, 14 cm h.
138 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 30534), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 23), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luebo (district), Bena Lulua (Lulua), wood, 11.5 cm h.
139 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 30533), (Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 16), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo (district), Batempa (Tempa), wood, 13 cm h.
140 British Museum (no. 1954 N23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 22635 [52010]), Democratic Republic of the Congo, no provenance, wood, 13.5 cm h.
141 British Museum (no. 1908 Tyl33), collected by Emil Torday, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lusambo (district), Kuba, Isango (Isambo), wood, 12.7 cm h.
142 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 19361), (Maes 1929, pi. IV, fig. 15), collected by M. Maes, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luebo (district), BaKete (Kete), wood, 11.5 cm h.
143 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 59.48.73), Democratic Republic of the Congo, no provenance, wood.
144 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 59.48.74), Democratic Republic of the Congo, no provenance, wood.
145 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 8091), (Maes 1929, pi. II, fig. 2), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1912, Mongala (region), Bangala (district), Ngombe, wood.
146 British Museum (no. 93.8.4.79), collected by H. H. Johnston, 1892, SE Africa? Nyasaland? Angoni? Democratic Republic of the the Congo?, wood, 17.5 cm h.
147 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.580), Oldman Collection, Belgian Congo'. (Democratic Republic of the Congo), BaLuba (Luba), wood, 14 cm h.
148 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 17245), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 5), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1914, Stanley Pool (district), Banfumu (Fumu), wood, metal strips, 16 cm h.
149 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 59.34.4), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Mongo', wood, metal wire, 16 cm h.
150 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 12350), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 2), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Busende (region), Bayanzi (Yansi), wood, metal studs, wire, 13 cm h.
151 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 26173), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 31), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lower Ubangi (region), Equateur (province), Baloei (Loei), wood, 12 cm h.
152 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 17200), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 32), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi (district), Ngombe, wood, metal strips, 13 cm h.
153 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 20157), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 29), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1917, Ubangi (district), SangolUOTWl}[RT¥ annotation: [This is a tribe name - with an o, wood, 14 cm h.
154 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 8310202), (no collection data available, but cf. Maes 1929, pi. II, fig. 12), Democratic Republic of the Congo, "Ngombe", wood.
155 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 17203), (Maes 1929, pi. I, fig. 28), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1917, Kasai (province), Banfumu (Fumu), wood, 19.5 cm h.
156 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 51.60.3), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai? (province), Banfunu (Mfinu), wood, 19 cm h.
157 British Museum (no. 1923.11.16.19), From W. Dundas, Bathhurst. Collector was with Stanley in the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1866. Lower Congo Yansi? (attributed by W. B. Fagg), wood, metal strips, studs, 16 cm h.
158 British Museum (Af+2364), collected by H. H. Johnston, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1885, Bolobo, Upper Zaire River, Yansi, wood, metal strips, studs, 15 cm h.
159 British Museum (no number), (Wellcome Box, no. 80/no. 43693), Democratic Republic of the Congo, wood, metal strips, studs, 15.5 cm h.
160 British Museum (no. 90.12.6.7), Baptist Missionary Society, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1890, Eastern Tribes, 'Basongye?' (Songye), wood, 16 cm h.
161 British Museum (no. 90.12.6.6), Baptist Missionary Society, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1890, Eastern Tribes, 'Basongye?' (Songye), wood, 17.3 cm h.
162 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 50.9.1), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (region), Kuba, wood.
163 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 53.74.6958), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (region), Masoka (district), Location Matumba, Ngong/Kuba, wood.
164 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 52.48.101), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (region), 'Kuba', wood.
165 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 53.74.6732), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (region), Ibend Missumba (district), Ngong/Kuba, wood, 14.6 cm h.
166 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 50.9.2), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (region), 'Kuba', wood.
167 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 53.26.1), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Kasai' (region), 'Kuba', wood, 16.9 cm h.
168 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 43176), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba? (cf. Maes 1929, pi. V, fig. 32, Lualaba region, BaLuba [Luba], and Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, no. 36718), wood, 15.3 cm h.
169 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 32846), Democratic Republic of the Congo, no provenance, wood, 13 cm h.
170 British Museum (no. 1947 Afl8.101), collected by Phillip Smith, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 12 cm h.
171 British Museum (no. 1949 Af26.1), donated by A. P. Rae, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, Makalanga, wood, 14.5 cm h.
172 British Museum (no. 1892 7-14 1 55), collected by J. T. Bent in Chibi's country, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 14 cm h.
173 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/937), (Wanless 1987, no. 109), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Limpopo Province, Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 13.5 cm h.
174 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987.3.61), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 14.5 cm h.
175 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 26676), collected by Leo Frobenius, South Africa, 1928, "Kaffern", wood, 12.5 cm h.
176 British Museum (no. 1892 7-14 153), collected by J. T. Bent, Botswana? Zimbabwe?, "Bechuana", wood, 12cmh.
177 British Museum (no. 1931 11-1859), acquired from Alban Head, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashona (Shona), wood, 10 cm h.
178 British Museum (no. 1935 2-2 21), donated by J. Leveson, Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Shona, wood, 14 cm h.
179 Drawing after Distant (1892:102), [MajGwamba (Gwamba), Spclonken, Transvaal (Limpopo Province).
180 Van der Stappen (1996:83, no. 205), Collected 1995 in region ofAHAdde, Republic of Djibouti, Somali (Issa), wood, 19 cm h.
181 British Museum (no. 1957 Afl4.21), collected by Admiral Sir George Egerton, East Africa, Tanganyika Coast, Swahili, wood, 18.8 cm h.
182 British Museum (no. 1935 11 08 13), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Tunne Huts, Somali, Darod, Elai Rehaneren (Rehanwin), wood, 18.9 cm h.
183 British Museum (no. 1933.11.08.7), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Ogaden, Somali, Darod, wood, 16.2 cm h.
184 British Museum (no. 1904.240), collected by E. A. Hollis, East Africa, Djibouti, Somali, wood, pigment, 16.1 cmh.
185 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 191331), Somali, Esa (Issa), wood, 16.95 cm h.
186 British Museum (no. +2227), collected by Colonel H. W. Lane, Donated by A. W. Franks (xii 84), Tanganyika, Wanyika, Giriama, wood, 15.9 cm h.
187 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 161615), Somali, Esa (Issa), wood, 19.4 cm h.
188 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.5), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, N.E. Africa, Italian Somaliland, Somali, Kotiche (Cotice), wood, 16.7 cm h.
189 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.8), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Ogaden, Somali, Darod, Banguei(?), Bambilia, wood, 16.6 cm h.
190 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.9), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Ogaden, Somali, Darod, Gelib, wood, 16.8 cm h.
191 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.13), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Tunne huts, Somali, Darod, Elai Rehanaren (Rehanwin), wood, 18.9 cm h.
192 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.12), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, Somali, Darod, made in Rehanwin, Elai subtribe, wood, 17.4 cm h.
193 British Museum (no. 1962 Afl7.79), Church Missionary Society, North East Africa, Somali Republic, Somali? Boni?, wood, 16.8 cm h.
194 British Museum (no. 1935.11.08.12), collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, Italian Somaliland, made in Rehanwin, bought from Ogaden, Somali, Darod, Kotiche (Cotice), Afmadu, wood, 17.5 cm h.
195 Munich, Staatliches Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 84.302.919), acquired from Dr Eva Ptak, 1977, Tanganyika, Boni, wood, 16 cm h.
196 British Museum (no. 1928. 5.9.2), collected by Lieutenant Colonel P. E. Alden, British Somaliland, Somali, wood, 17.4 cm h.
197 British Museum (no. 1933 11-14-15), collected by Brigadier General Sir Eric Swayne, donated by H. G. C. Swayne, NE Africa, Somaliland, 1884-1897, 'Somali', wood, 16.97 cm h.
198 Van der Stappen (1996:56, no. 109), Collected 1995, Ethiopia, 'Oromo(?)', wood, 19 cm h.
199 Van der Stappen (1996:80, no. 200), Collected 1991, Ethiopia, Sidamo region, Sidama, wood, 18 cm h.
200 Van der Stappen (1996:81, no. 201), Collected 1991, Ethiopia, Sidamo region, Sidama, wood, 17 cm h.
201 Van der Stappen (1996:57, no. Ill), Collected 1998, Ethiopia,'Oromo(?)', wood, 19 cm h.
202 Van der Stappen (1996:42, no. 63), Collected 1995, Ethiopia, wood, 14 cm h.
203 Van der Stappen (1996:43, no. 67), Collected 1993, Ethiopia, Gurague (Gurage) or Arsi, wood, 20 cmh.
204 Van der Stappen (1996:73, no. 171), Collected 1995, Ethiopia, Central region ofShoa, Arsi, wood, 19 cm h.
205 Van der Stappen (1996:73, no. 170), Collected 1995, Ethiopia, Central region ofShoa, Arsi, wood, 17 cm h.
206 British Museum (no. 1928.5-94), collected by Lieutenant Colonel P. E. Alden, Somaliland, Yehaleh, Somali Of Dolbahouta tribes, Doha hunca, wood, 16 cm h.
207 British Museum (no. 1933.11-16-18), collected by Brigadier Sir Eric Swayne, Commander-in-chief, British Somaliland 1884-1897, donated by H. G. C. Swayne, Somali, wood, 17 cm h.
208 British Museum (no. 1929 6209.07), collected by E. E. Evans Pritchard, West Bank of the Nile, Sudan, Ingassana (Ingessana), wood, 10 cm h.
209 British Museum (no. 1933 11-10.29), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Tami (Dervish Muslim), wood and fibre, 20 cmh.
210 British Museum (no. 1935 3-7.21), collected by Major and Misses Powell-Cotton, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Andal Valley, Red Sea Province, Tokar, BeniAmir, wood, 14.4 cm h.
211 British Museum (no. 1956 Af23-4), donated by Satti Awad H. E. Sayed, Eastern Sudan, wood, 16.7 cm h.
212 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 28228), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lower Uele, Zande or Ngbandi, wood, 14.8 cm h.
213 Best (1993:152,146), Kenya, Turkana, echicolong/ngichikolong, wood and leather, 15 cm h.
214 British Museum (no. 1979 Af6.149), collected by John Mack, Sudan, Longarum, wood, leather, 16.5 cm h.
215 Manchester University Museum (no. 09763/46), collected by David Turton, Ethiopia, Mursi, alii ale, Made and used only by adult men, wood, leather, 11.75 cm h.
216 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1978 20.261), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, MtElgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot), ngacharlndege. The mark left by the base in the soil is said to be like a donkey's hoof-print, wood, leather, 17.8 cm h.
217 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1978 20.44), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, Mt Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot), ngacharlndege. The mark left by the base in the soil is said to be like a donkey's hoof-print, wood, leather, 17.8 cm h.
218 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. VI.55), Collected by Major Gayer Anderson on the Sudan-Abyssinia frontier, Sudan, pre 1917, Nuer, wood, 16.3 cm h.
219 British Museum (no. 1910.9229.22), collected by F. Spire (Juja Busoga, Uganda Protectorate, 1910). Kenya: Mombasa, Kamba, wood, leather, 13.4 cm h.
220 Dewey (1993:46, fig. 26), Kenya, Turkana, wood, metal, 15 cm h.
221 Best (1993:155, no. 149), Kenya, Turkana, echikolong/ngichikolong. Made and used only by adult men, wood, leather, 17 cm h.
222 Wolfe (1979:17,fig. A3),Kenya, Karamojong, wood,leather,metal 15 cmh.
223 Van der Stappen (1996:100, no. 266), Collected 1994, Ethiopia, 'Mursi', wood, fibre, 19 cmh.
224 Van der Stappen (1996:130, no. 376), Collected in 1995, in the village ofDus, Ethiopia, Kara, Used by adult men, wood, leather, 14 cm h.
225 Van der Stappen (1996:106, no. 288), Collected in 1994 in the village of Argude. Bashada, Ethiopia, borokoto, wood, leather, 13 cm h.
226 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 83.13.1), Kenya, Baringo District, Pokot, chebarsiat, wood, leather, 17.3 cm h.
227 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1973.20.35), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, E of Mt Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot) ngachar, Made by its owner, Chunel, a herd-owner and member of the senior set of the junior generation in the age-set system, wood, leather, metal, beads, 17 cm h.
228 Wolfe (1979:18, fig. A6), Kenya, Turkana, wood, beads, fibre, 16 cm h.
229 Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford (no. 1978.20.263), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, E of Mt Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot), ngachar, wood, bead, metal, 14 cm h.
230 Manchester University Museum (no. CA 37), donated by Cecil Barber, September 1921 (from the Central African register), Halifax Museum. Sudan, Omdurman, wood, leather, metal, 12 cm h.
231 British Museum (no. 1953 Af24.17), donated by the Church Missionary Society, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Bari, wood, leather, metal, 13.2 cm h.
232 British Museum (no. 1953 Af24.18), donated by Church Missionary Society, East Africa, Uganda or Anglo Egyptian Sudan, Bari(?), wood, reptile skin leather, fibre, metal, 17.3 cm h.
233 British Museum (no. 1928.4.9.72), collected by E. E. Evans Pritchard, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Western Bank of Nile, Bari, wood, leather, fibre, 14 cm h.
234 British Museum (no. 1924 3.8.131), collected by E. E. Evans Pritchard, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Mongalla Province, Bari, wood, leather, fibre, 20.5 cm h.
235 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. B IV), Collected by Rev WE Taylor between 1882-1890. Donated by Mrs Taylor in 1927. East Africa, 'Somali', wood, leather, fibre, 16 cm h.
236 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 242 588), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Bari, wood, leather, fibre, cowrie shells, 14.9 cm h.
237 British Museum (no. 2718), collected by Petherick, donated by Henry Christy, NE Africa, Uganda/Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Bari(?), wood, leather, 17.5 cm h.
238 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. XII 264 B), collected by E. E. Evans Pritchard, 1936, Upper Nile, Sudan, Bari, Teaba Keka, wood, leather, fibre, 19 cm h.
239 British Museum (no. 1934.4.10.32), donated by Rev. H. Paget-Wilkes, Uganda, Southern Karamojo (Karamojong), wood, leather, fibre, 20.1 cm h.
240 Oxford, Pitt-Rivers Museum (no. 1978.20.45), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, East of Mount Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot). This is a woman's headrest, made by a husband for his wife. It has a groove in one foot signifying a) the vagina and b) the split in a goat's hoof, wood, fibre, 15 cm h.
241 British Museum (no. 1954 Af34.1), donated by A. M. Champion (National Bank of India), collected ca
1932, Kenya, Western Suk (Pokot), Ajarr, wood, fibre, 16 cm h.
242 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 158 615), Uganda, 'Soga(?)', wood, 14.7 cm h.
243 British Museum (no. 1925 11-23-2), Kenya Empire Exhibition Committee, Kenya, Suk(?) Pokot(?), wood, leather, 17 cm h.
244 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1978.9.3), Donated by DE Weatherhead, CMG MBE, in East Africa 1900-1935, Uganda?, Karamojong?, wood, leather, metal, 24 cm h.
245 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (left: no. 1978.20.264), collected by Jean Brown, Western Kenya, East of Mount Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot). Ngachar/champerit, type given to a young man on his initiation, by his best friend, wood, beads, fibre, hide, 22.5 cm h; (right: no. 1978.20.265), collected by Jean Brown, Western Kenya, East of Mount Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot). Ngachar, made and used by men of the youngest age-set, wood, beads, fibre, hide, 20.5 cm h; centre: details of Pitt Rivers Museum, nos. 1978.20.262
(1), .43 (c),.33 (r).
246 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 78.79.2), Uganda, Karamojong, wood, leather, beads, wire, 20.8 cm h.
247 British Museum (no. 1925 11.23.1), Kenya Empire Exhibition Committee, Kenya, Kamasia Reserve, Suk, wood, fibre, leather, 24 cm h.
248 British Museum (no. 1912 12.30.1), collected by Major R. G. Bright, Kenya, Turkana (cf junker "Travels in Africa"?), wood, fibre, leather, 27 cm h.
249 British Museum (no. 1947 34.2), collected by A. M. Champion, Kenya, Turkana, wood, fibre, leather, 20 cm h.
250 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 67.63.1153), Uganda, Turkana (Karamoja) (Karamojong), wood, leather, metal, 27.5 cm h.
251 British Museum (no. 1947 Afl6.37), collected by C. W. Hobley (Kenya 1890-1910), donated by Miss F. Hobley, Kenya, Turkana, wood, leather, glass beads, 30 cm h.
252 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 79 15.5), Kenya, Karamojong, wood, leather, pigment, 18.6 cm h.
253 British Museum (no. 1934 4-10.30), collected by Rev. H. Paget-Wilkes, Uganda, Southern Karamojong, wood, Cowhide, greased with animal fat, 18.7 cm h.
254 British Museum (no. 1934 4.10.33), collected by Rev. H. Paget-Wilkes, Uganda, Southern Karamojong, wood, metal, leather, 19.5 cm h.
255 British Museum (no. 1947 Af34.31), collected by A. M. Champion, 1933, Sudan/Uganda Border, Karamojong?, wood, leather, 17.3 cm h.
256 Best (1993:157, no. 150), Kenya, Turkana, wood and leather, 14 cm h.
257 Oxford, Pitt Rivers Museum (no. 1978.20.258), collected by Jean Brown, Kenya, East ofMt Elgon, Pokot (Tiati Pokot). Made and used by a Sandal-diviner. This type is made and used mainly by the junior set of the senior generation and the senior set of the junior generation, wood, leather, 15.5 cm h.
258 British Museum (no. 1934-6-5-23), collected by Captain Blaine, Uganda, Lango(?), Acoli(?), wood, leather, 11.9 cm h.
259 British Museum (no. CC + 8305), Collected by Hearne (Lupton Bey collection no 32), donated by A. W. Franks, 1882, Uganda, Langolnot Lango (attributed by J. H. Driberg), wood, leather, 10.6 cm h.
260 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 79.37.1), East Africa, wood, leather, 19 cm h.
261 British Museum (no. 1947 Afl5.1), from Newberry Borough Museum, East Africa, Uganda, wood, leather, 11.1 cm h.
CHAPTER 7 (pp. 274-339)
262 Geneva, Musee d'Ethnographie (no. 16052), Collected by Kaltenrieder, donated 1940, Mozambique, 'Tsonga', wood, 12 cm h.
263 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 60.39.1), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango (region), Suku(?), wood, 14.3 cm h.
264 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.807), Oldman Collection, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, Kalanga, wood, 17.5 cm h.
265 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 23475), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Upper Kasai (region), Koko, wood.
266 British Museum (no. 1921.616.41), donated by Miss Hurst, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Tonga, wood, 17.5 cm h.
267 Johannesburg, private collection, Namibia/Angola, Himba, wood, J7 cm h.
268 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no number), Angola, Chokwe (Cokwe), wood, 14 cm h.
269 Lisbon Museu Dundo (no. A1061), (Bastin 1961, fig. 146,1), Angola, Chokwe (Cokwe), Shambwanda
Chieftaincy, wood, 11.2 cm h.
270 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG34934), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1933, Kasai (province), Kapanga (district), [Lunda], wood, 13 cm h.
271 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 35738), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai? (province), Lunda?, wood, metal, 12 cm h.
272 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 2790), (Maes 1929, pi. VI, fig. 12), collected by Daelman, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1911, Dilolo (region), Lunda, wood, 11 cm h.
273 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no number), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka', wood, 12.8 cm h.
274 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 43700), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka', wood, 13.8 cm h.
275 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 52.48.107), Democratic Republic of the Congo,'Chokwe' (Cokwe), wood, metal, 13.8 cm h.
276 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 51.41.10), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Yaka?, wood, metal, 14 cm h.
277 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. RG 32870), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (province), Pende, wood, 14 cm h.
278 British Museum (no. 1908.6.22.142), Collected by Norman Hardy, Torday expedition, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Songye', wood, 16.3 cm h.
279 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 60.39.201), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Shaba (province), Kinda Kamina (district), Songye?, wood.
280 Geneva, Musee d'Ethnographie (no. 16067), collected by Kaltenrieder, Mozambique, Lourenco Marques (Maputo), Manjacase (Tsonga), mukhamelo, wood, 13.7 cm h.
281 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987 3.61), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 13 cm h.
282 Geneva, Musee d'Ethnographie (no. 16065), collected by Kaltenrieder, Mozambique, Tsonga, wood, 14 cm h.
283 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987.3.55), collected by A. A Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 13 cm h.
284 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987.3.), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 14 cm h.
285 Johannesburg, MuseumAfrika (Wanless 1987:63, no. 211), Mission Collection, Collected in Mozambique, Tsonga, wood, 13.5 cm h.
286 Johannesburg, MuseumAfrika (no. 74/2611), Collected by brother of the donor, Dr G Theiler (Pretoria [Tshwane] J in Swaziland in 1900, wood, 14 cm h.
287 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987.3:33), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 13 cm h.
288 British Museum (no. 1947 Afl52), from Newbury Borough Museum, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), wood, 13 cm h.
289 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1987.3 35), (Wanless 1985:59), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 12 cm h.
290 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/970), (Wanless 1985:106), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 13 cm h.
291 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/958), (Wanless 1985:95), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), wood, 14.5 cm h.
292 Hamburg, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 13:173:144), bought from "Kowietzko'] late nineteenth century, Destroyed in World War II, Botswana?, Betchuana (Tswana), wood, 15.7 cm h.
293 Hamburg, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 13:174:29), bought from "Kowietzko", late nineteenth century, Destroyed in World War II, Botswana?, (Betchuana) (Tswana), wood, 16 cm h.
294 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2646), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)/Mozambique, Maduma (Barwe Tonga), wood, 15 cm h.
295 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2472), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)/Mozambique, Maduma (Barwe Tonga), wood, 15 cm h.
296 Frankfurt, Museum ftir Völkerkunde (no. 2473), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabv/e)/Mozambique, Maduma (Barwe Tonga), wood, 14 cm h.
297 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2437), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)/Mozambique, Maduma (Barwe Tonga), wood, 14 cm h.
298 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2450), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)/Mozambique (Tonga?), wood, 15 cm h.
299 Miiller and Snelleman (c. 1892, pi. XIV detail), 1) Zambeze , 2) Zambeze , 3) Zambeze , 4) Zambeze,
5) Zambeze , The Headrests in nos2 to 5 represent the most common forms in the Zambezi (region) ... these headrests are found in all dwellings, and, when taken on a voyage, are suspended from a cord at the waist (notes to pi. XIV).
300 Bent (1892:35), Wooden Pillow, Mashonaland.
301 British Museum (no. 1935.7-15, 3), Carson Collection, pre-1900, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 11 cm h.
302 British Museum (no. 1935.7-15, 5), Carson Collection, pre-1900, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 11 cm h.
303 British Museum (no. 1921.6-16,43), Hirst Collection, MaShonaland, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe),Shona, wood, 12 cm h.
304 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46 811), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 12 cm h.
305 British Museum (no. 1892 7-14,26), collected J. H. T. Bent, pre-1890, Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, wood, 13.1 cm h.
306 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46 810), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia, (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 11.5 cmh.
307 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46 814), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia, (Zimbabwe), MaShonalMaKalanga (Shona/Kalanga), wood, 14 cm h.
308 British Museum (no. 9763), acquisition date 1876, collection of Dr W. G. Atherstone, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, wood, 14.5 cm h.
309 British Museum (no. 1935.7-15.1), Carson Collection, pre-1900, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, wood, 12 cm h.
310 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 52014), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 13 cm h.
311 Frankfurt, Museum filr Völkerkunde (no. 2500), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Zezuru, mutsago, wood, 14.5 cm h.
312 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2515), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Charter district, wood, 14.5 cm h.
313 Antwerp, Museum voorVolkenkunde (no. AE 3537), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shorai, wood, 16 cmh.
314 British Museum (no. 1906.12.11.28), collected by W. Eatherley, Rhodesia (Zambia), Buni District, Batoka (Toka), Tonga, wood, 15.2 cm h.
315 British Museum (no. 1902 16.9), collected by Tomalin, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), between Salisbury (Harare) and Tete on the Zambesi, Shona?, wood, 16.5 cm h.
316 British Museum (no. 1902 .16.8), collected by Tomalin, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), between Salisbury (Harare) and Tete on the Zambesi, Shona?, wood, 15.1 cm h.
317 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.812), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), MaShonalMakalanga (Shona/Kalanga), wood, 13 cm h.
318 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.813), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 16.3 cm h.
319 Brighton Museum, The Green Centre (no. R1437/2), collected by Rev. Polly, 1913, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 12.5 cm h.
320 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2516), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Charter District, Shona, mutsago, wood, 17 cm h.
321 Frankfurt, Museum ftir Völkerkunde (no. 2504), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Charter District, Shona, mutsago, wood, 15 cm h.
322 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 232563), Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, wood, 15.2 cm h.
323 Liverpool, World Museum (no. 1992.05.29), Ex collection, Hoylake United Reformed Church Museum 1911. Natal (KwaZulu-Natal), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 5 cm h.
324 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2512), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Zezuru, mutsago, wood, 14 cm h.
325 British Museum (no. 92.7.14.22), collected by J. T. H Bent, pre-1892, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, 'Shona', wood, 15 cm h.
326 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46 815), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 'Shona', wood, 14.5 cm h.
327 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.808), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), MaShonalMaKalanga (Shona/Kalanga), wood, 14.2 cm h.
328 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 92074 [43692]), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka?', wood, 13.5 cm h.
329 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46.353), Oldman Collection, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka', wood, 14.7 cm h.
330 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 32835), pre-1931, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 'Yaka?', wood.
331 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 33046), pre-1931, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango, Popokabaka, 'Yaka?', wood.
332 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 33048), pre-1931, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango, Popokabaka, 'Yaka?', wood.
333 Hamburg, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 15.53), donated by Frau M. Mendelsohn, destroyed in Second World War, Southern Africa, Betschuanen (Tswana), wood, 14.2 cm h.
334 Johannesburg Art Gallery (no. 1983.37.9), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane),'Tsonga', wood, 12.5 cm h.
335 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/971), (Wanless 1987:107), collected by A. A. Jaques, 1928, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane),'Tsonga', wood, 13.5 cm h.
336 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 19234), (Maes 1929, pi. VI, fig. 2), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mushenge, Kuba, wood, 11 cm h.
337 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 32822), Democratic Republic of the Congo (no information given), pre-1931, Teke/Yaka?, wood.
338 British Museum (no. 1899.4.22.1), Dimley Olden Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, 'Shona', wood, 14.7 cm h.
339 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 140183), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, mutsago, wood, 13.8 cm h.
340 Frankfurt, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 2677), collected by Frobenius expedition, 1928, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Zezuru, mutsago, wood, 13 cm h.
341 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/909), (Wanless 1985:47), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), 'Tsonga', wood, 14 cm h.
342 Neuchatel, Musee de Ville (no. IIIC 3026), Bought from Philippe Jeannerat, 1894, Mozambique, 'Tsonga', wood, 11 cm h.
343 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 75384), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 14.5 cm h.
344 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 127303), 1930, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 15 cm h.
345 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 7504), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 14.4 cm h.
346 Brighton Museum, The Green Centre (no. R834/1), donated Mr Bolt, 1908, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 14 cm h.
347 British Museum (no. 1949 Af46 807), Oldman Collection, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona, wood, 13.4 cm h.
348 British Museum (no. 1926 10-16.8), acquired from Mary Cust, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 16 cm h.
349 British Museum (no. 1892 7-14.152), collected by ]. T. H. Bent, pre-1892, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Shona/Tsonga?, wood, 14 cm h.
350 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 55.117.65), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (province), 'Songye', wood, 13 cm h.
351 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 52.48.112), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (province), Kuba, wood, 18 cm h. (Design at bottom is that of the plateau centre of Musee Royal de l'Afrique Central, no. 14306.)
352 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 51.71.48), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (province), Kuba, wood, 10.6 cm h.
353 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 12323), (Maes 1929, pi. II, fig. 6), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equateur (province), Basankusu (region), Ngombe, wood, 11 cm h.
354 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 8918), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equateur (province), Basankusu (region), Ngombe, wood, 11 cm h.
355 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 43171), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai (province), Kuba, wood, 14 cm h.
356 British Museum (no. 1935.7-15.5), Carson Collection, pre-1900, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, mutsago, wood, 14.7 cm h.
357 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/944), (Wanless 1985:81), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane),'Tsonga', wood, 16 cm h.
358 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 232215), Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mashonaland, wood, 12.5 cm h.
359 British Museum (no. 1931 11-18 58), collected by Alban Mead, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), 'Mashona? Tsonga?', wood, 11.4 cm h.
360 Neuchatel, Musee du Ville (no. Ill C 3032), collected by H. P. Junod, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), pre 1892, 'Ronga', sicamelo, wood, animal hair, beads, claws, 15 cm h.
361 Hamburg, Museum fur Völkerkunde (no. 13.173:31), bought from "Kowietzko", Destroyed in World War 11, Southern Africa, Bctschuanen (Tswana), wood, 15 cm h.
362 British Museum (no. 1954 Af23), (Wellcome Collection, no. 203788), Mozambique, 'Tsonga', wood, 12.2 cm h.
363 Johannesburg Art Gallery (Jaques Collection, no. 50/940), (Wanless 1985:77), collected by A. A. Jaques, pre-1929, South Africa, Transvaal (Limpopo Province), Elim, Shangaan (Shangane), 'Tsonga', wood, 15 cm h.
364 Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (no. 51.12.10), Upper Kasai (province), 'Kioko? Luba?' (cf. Maes 1929, pi. VI, fig. 8), wood, 14 cm h.
365 Present location unknown,